Fetal Risk in Diagnostic Radiology

References 

1. Walter H . Review of Radiologic Physics . (ed 3). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010;
2. Bushberg JT , Seibert JA , Leidholdt EM , et al.  The Essentials Physics of Medical Imaging . (ed 2). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002;
3. Wolbarst AB . Physics of Radiology . (ed 2). Madison, WI: Medical Physics Publishing; 2005;
4. Hall EJ , Giaccia AJ . Radiobiology for the Radiologist . (ed 6). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006;
5. Yamazaki JN , Schull WJ . Perinatal loss and neurological abnormalities among children of the atomic bomb: Nagasaki and Hiroshima revisited, 1949 to 1989 . JAMA . 1990;264:605–609
   • MEDLINE
6. Brent RL . Saving lives and changing family histories: Appropriate counseling of pregnant women and men and women of reproductive age, concerning the risk of diagnostic radiation exposures during and before pregnancy . Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2009;200:4–24
   • Abstract
   • Full Text
   • Full-Text PDF (2136 KB)
   • CrossRef
7. Schull WJ , Otake M . Cognitive function and prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation . Teratology . 1999;59:222–226
   • MEDLINE
   • CrossRef
8. Schull WJ . Effects of Atomic Radiation, a Half-Century of Studies From Hiroshima and Nagasaki . New York, NY: Wiley-Liss & Sons, Inc; 1995;
9. International Commission on Radiological Protection . In: Pregnancy and Medical Radiation . 84: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: ICRP Publication; 2000;p. 1–43
10. International Commission on Radiological Protection . In: Biological Effects After Prenatal Irradiation (Embryo and Fetus) . 90: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: ICRP Publication; 2003;p. 1–200
11. Radiation and pregnancy: A fact sheet for clinicians (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publication) . http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/prenatalphysician.asp
12. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) . Summary of Low-Dose Radiation Effects on Health, UN Publication M.II.IX.4 . New York, NY: UN Publications; 2011;
13. Bentur Y . Ionizing and nonionizing radiation in pregnancy . In:  Koren G editors. Maternal-Fetal Toxicology . New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1994;p. 515
14. Hurwitz LM , Yoshizumi T , Reiman RE , et al.  Radiation dose to the fetus from body MDCT during early gestation . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 2006;186:871–876
    • CrossRef
15. Miller RW . Epidemiologic conclusions from radiation toxicity studies . In:  Fry RJM editors. Late Effects of Radiation: Proceedings of the Colloquium Held at the Center for Continuing Education . University of Chicago,Illinois, May 1969. London, UK: Taylor and Francis; 1970;p. 245–256
16. ACR . Practice guideline for imaging pregnant or potentially pregnant adolescents and women with ionizing radiation . Reston, VA: American College of Radiology; 2008;
17. ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice . ACOG Committee Opinion, number 299, September 2004 (replaces no. 158, September 1995): Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy . Obstet Gynecol . 2004;104:647–651
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
18. Duncan KR . The development of magnetic resonance imaging in obstetrics . Br J Hosp Med . 1996;55:178–181
    • MEDLINE
19. Kirkinen P , Partanen K , Vainio P , et al.  MRI in obstetrics: A supplementary method for ultrasonography . Ann Med . 1996;28:131–136
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
20. Nicklas AH , Baker ME . Imaging strategies in the pregnant cancer patient . Semin Oncol . 2000;27:623–632
    • MEDLINE
21. Yousefzadeh D , Ward M , Reft C . Internal barium shielding to minimize fetal irradiation in spiral chest CT: A phantom simulation experiment . Radiology . 2006;239:751–758
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
22. Sechopoulos I , Suryanarayanan S , Vedantham S , et al.  Radiation dose to organs and tissues from mammography: Monte Carlo and phantom study . Radiology . 2008;246:434–443
    • CrossRef