Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 31, Issue 1 , Pages 39-45 , February 2010

Radiation Safety With Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography

  • Catherine E. Devine, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Catherine E. Devine, MD, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1273, Houston, TX 77030
  • ,
  • Osama Mawlawi, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Imaging Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas

References 

  1. Beyer T, Townsend DW, Brun T, et al. A combined PET/CT scanner for clinical oncology. J Nucl Med. 2000;41:1369–1379
  2. Townsend DW, Carney JPJ, Yap JT, et al. PET/CT today and tomorrow. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:4S–14S
  3. Charron M, Beyer T, Bohnen NN, et al. Imaging analysis in patients with cancer studied with a combined PET and CT scanner. Clin Nucl Med. 2000;25:905–910
  4. Wahl RL. Why nearly all PET of abdominal and pelvic cancers will be performed at PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:82S–95S
  5. Mawlawi O, Townsend DW. Multimodality imaging: An update on PET/CT technology. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;36:S15–S29
  6. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Decision memo for positron emission tomography (FDG) for solid tumors (CAG-00181R), pp 1-48. http://www.cms.hhs.govAccessed August 1, 2009
  7. Townsend DW. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Semin Nucl Med. 2008;38:152–166
  8. Dell MA. Radiation safety review for 511-keV emitters in nuclear medicine. J Nucl Med Technol. 1997;25:12–17
  9. Bixler A, Springer G, Lovas R. Practical aspects of radiation safety for using fluorine 18. J Nucl Med Technol. 1999;27:14–16
  10. Huang B, Wai-Ming LM, Khong PL. Whole body PET/CT scanning: Estimation of radiation dose and cancer risk. Radiology. 2009;251:166–174
  11. Wu TH, Huang YH, Lee JJ, et al. Radiation exposure during transmission measurements: Comparison between CT and germanium based techniques with a current PET scanner. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;31:38–43
  12. Hippelainen E, Nikkinen P, Ihalainen T, et al. Personal radiation doses in PET/CT facility: measurements vs. calculations. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2008;132:57–63
  13. Zanzonico P, Dauer L, St. Germain J. Operational radiation safety for PET-CT, SPECT-CT and cyclotron facilities. Health Phys. 2008;95:554–570
  14. Madsen MT, Anderson JA, Halama JR, et al. AAPM task group 108: PET/CT shielding requirements. Med Phys. 2006;33:4–15
  15. Roberts FO, Gunawardana DH, Pathmaraj K, et al. Radiation dose to PET technologists and strategies to lower occupational exposure. J Nucl Med Technol. 2005;33:44–47
  16. Cronin B, Marsden PK, O'Doherty MJ. Are restrictions to behavior of patients required following fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic studies?. Eur J Nucl Med. 1999;26:121–128
  17. Task Group of ICRP Committees 2 and 3 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals. Addendum 3 to ICRP publication 53 Ann ICRP. 2008;38:1–197
  18. Bushberg JT, Seibert JA, Leidholdt EM, et al. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging. (ed 2). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2002;
  19. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2008. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2008;
  20. ICRP. Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals. Oxford, United Kingdom: Pergamon press; 1997;Report 80
  21. Mettler FA, Huda W, Yoshizumi TT, et al. Effective doses in radiology and diagnostic nuclear medicine: A catalog. Radiology. 2008;248:254–263
  22. Yilmaz MH, Albayram S, Yasar D, et al. Female breast radiation exposure during thorax multidetector computed tomography and the effectiveness of bismuth breast shield to reduce breast radiation dose. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2007;31:138–142
  23. Blodgett TM, McCook BM, Federle MP. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography: Protocol issues and options. Semin Nucl Med. 2006;26:157–168
  24. Zanotti-Fregonara P, Champion C, Trebossen R, et al. Estimation of the β+ dose to the embryo resulting from 18F-FDG administration during early pregnancy. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:679–682
  25. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Medical Radiation Exposure of Pregnant and Potentially Pregnant Women. Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; 1977;NCRP Report Number 54
  26. McClullough CH, Schueler BA, Atwell TD, et al. Radiation exposure and pregnancy: When should we be concerned?. Radiographics. 2007;27:909–918
  27. Yasuda S, Fujii H, Takahashi W, et al. Lactating breast exhibiting high F-18 FDG uptake. Clin Nucl Med. 1998;23:767–768
  28. Hicks RJ, Binns D, Stabin GM. Pattern of uptake and excretion of 18F-FDG in the lactating breast. J Nucl Med. 2001;42:1238–1242
  29. Jadvar H, Connolly LP, Fahey FH, et al. PET and PET/CT in pediatric oncology. Semin Nucl Med. 2007;37:316–331
  30. Arch ME. Pediatric body MDCT: A 5 year follow-up survey of scanning parameters used by pediatric radiologists. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;919:611–617
  31. Peterson A, Frush DP, Donnelly LF. Helical CT of the body: Are settings adjusted for pediatric patients?. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176:297–301
  32. Frush DP. Pediatric dose reduction in computed tomography. Health Phys. 2008;95:518–527
  33. Gelfand MJ. Dosimetry of FDG PET/CT and other molecular imaging applications in pediatric patients. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39:S46–S56
  34. Fahey FH. Dosimetry of pediatric PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:1483–1491
  35. Gelfand MJ, Lemen LC. PET/CT and SPECT/CT dosimetry in children: The challenge to the pediatric imager. Semin Nucl Med. 2007;37:391–398
  36. Halliday S, Thrall JH. The business of PET/CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184:S152–S155
  37. Blodgett TM, Meltzer CC, Townsend DW. PET/CT: Form and function. Radiology. 2007;242:360–385

PII: S0887-2171(09)00085-7

doi: 10.1053/j.sult.2009.09.005

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 31, Issue 1 , Pages 39-45 , February 2010