Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 30, Issue 6 , Pages 565-593 , December 2009

Imaging of the Meninges and the Extra-Axial Spaces

  • Olga Kirmi, BSc, MBBS, MRCS, FRCR

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Olga Kirmi, BSc, MBBS, MRCS, FRCR, Department of Neuroradiology, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford Radcliffe NHS Trust, OX3 9DU, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Fintan Sheerin, MA, MB BChir, MRCP, FRCR

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neuroradiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • Neel Patel, MA (Cantab), BMBCh, FRCR

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom

References 

  1. Nabeshima S, Reese TS, Landis DMD, et al. Junctions in the meninges and marginal glia. J Comp Neurol. 1975;164:127–169
  2. Ahmadi J, Hinton DR, Segall HD, et al. Dural invasion by craniofacial and calvarial neoplasms: MR imaging and histopathologic evaluation. Radiology 188. 1993;188:747–749
  3. Sze G, Soletsky S, Bronen R, et al. MR imaging of the cranial meninges with emphasis on contrast enhancement and meningeal carcinomatosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;153:1039–1049
  4. Jeffries B, Kishore P, Singh K, et al. Postoperative computed tomographic changes in the brain: An experimental study. Radiology. 1980;135:751–753
  5. Elster A, DiPersio D. Cranial postoperative site: Assessment with contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 1990;174:93–98
  6. Siegelman E, Mishkin M, Taveras J. Past, present, and future of radiology of meningioma. Radiographics. 1991;11:899–910
  7. Longstreth W, Dennis L, McGuire V, et al. Epidemiology of intracranial meningioma. Cancer. 1993;72:639–648
  8. Shintani T, Hayakawa N, Hoshi M, et al. High incidence of meningioma among Hiroshima atomic bomb survivors. J Radiat Res. 1999;40:49–57
  9. Louis D. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Nervous System: WHO Classification of Tumours. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2007;
  10. Tokumaru A, O'Uchi T, Eguchi T, et al. Prominent meningeal enhancement adjacent to meningioma on Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR images: Histopathologic correlation. Radiology. 1990;175:431–433
  11. Wilms G, Lammens M, Marchal G, et al. Thickening of dura surrounding meningiomas: MR features. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1989;13:763–768
  12. Elster A, Challa V, Gilbert T, et al. Meningiomas: MR and histopathologic features. Radiology. 1989;170:857–862
  13. Buetow M, Buetow P, Smirniotopoulos J. Typical, atypical, and misleading features in meningioma. Radiographics. 1991;11:1087–1106
  14. Filippi C, Edgar M, Ulu A, et al. Appearance of meningiomas on diffusion-weighted images: Correlating diffusion constants with histopathologic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:65–72
  15. Yamasaki F, Kurisu K, Satoh K, et al. Apparent diffusion coefficient of human brain tumors at MR imaging. Radiology. 2005;235:985–991
  16. Pavlisa G, Rados M, Pazanin L, et al. Characteristics of typical and atypical meningiomas on ADC maps with respect to schwannomas. Clin Imaging. 2008;32:22–27
  17. Di Chiro G, Hatazawa J, Katz D, et al. Glucose utilization by intracranial meningiomas as an index of tumor aggressivity and probability of recurrence: A PET study. Radiology. 1987;164:521–526
  18. Maroldi R, Ambrosi C, Farina D. Metastatic disease of the brain: Extra-axial metastases (skull, dura, leptomeningeal) and tumour spread. Eur Radiol. 2005;15:617–626
  19. Jinkins JR. Computed tomography of intracranial tuberculosis. Neuroradiology. 1991;33:126–135
  20. Smith JK. Imaging manifestations of neurosarcoidosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182:289–295
  21. Christoforidis GA, Spickler EM, Recio MV, et al. MR of CNS sarcoidosis: correlation of imaging features to clinical symptoms and response to treatment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20:655–669
  22. Kupersmith M, Martin V, Heller HG, et al. Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis. Neurology. 2004;62:686–694
  23. Hatano N, Behari S, Nagatani T, et al. Idiopathic hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis: Clinicoradiological spectrum and therapeutic options. Neurosurgery. 1999;45:1336–1342
  24. Durand M, Calderwood S, Weber D, et al. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults—a review of 493 episodes. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:21–28
  25. Briggs S, Ellis-Pegler R, Raymond N, et al. Gram-negative bacillary meningitis after cranial surgery or trauma in adults. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36:165–173
  26. Sze G. Diseases of the intracranial meninges: MR imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;160:727–733
  27. Cabral D, Flodmark O, Farrell K, et al. Prospective study of computed tomography in acute bacterial meningitis. J Pediatr. 1987;111:201–205
  28. Anslow P. Cranial bacterial infection. Eur Radiol. 2004;14:E145–E154
  29. Schoeman J. MR of childhood tuberculous meningitis. Neuroradiology. 1988;30:473–477
  30. WHO. Antituberculosis drug resistance in the world (The WHO/IUATLD global project on anti-tuberculosis drug resistance surveillance). In: Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2008;p. 1–120
  31. WHO. Global tuberculosis control—epidemiology, strategy, financing. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation; 2009;
  32. Donald PR. Tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis: The Rich focus revisited. J Infect. 2005;50:193–195
  33. Gupta R, Gupta S, Singh D, et al. MR imaging and angiography in tuberculous meningitis. Neuroradiology. 1994;36:87–92
  34. Hsieh FY. Locations of cerebral infarctions in tuberculous meningitis. Neuroradiology. 1992;34:197–199
  35. Jamieson DH. Imaging intracranial tuberculosis in childhood. Pediatr Radiol. 1995;25:165–170
  36. Ranjan P. Serial study of clinical and CT changes in tuberculous meningitis. Neuroradiology. 2003;45:277–282
  37. Burns TM. Neurosarcoidosis. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:1166–1168
  38. Hunninghake GW, Costabel U, Ando M, et al. ATS/ERS/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:736–755
  39. Koyama T, Ueda H, Togashi K, et al. Radiologic manifestations of sarcoidosis in various organs. Radiographics. 2004;24:87–104
  40. Kellinghaus C, Schilling M, Ludemann P. Neurosarcoidosis: Clinical experience and diagnostic pitfalls. Eur Neurol. 2004;51:84–88
  41. Osborn A, Blaser S, Salzman K, et al. Diagnostic Imaging: Brain. Salt Lake City, UT: Amirsys; 2004;
  42. Grossman S, Krabak M. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Cancer Treat Rev. 1999;25:103–119
  43. Aparicio A, Chamberlain M. Neoplastic meningitis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2002;2:225–235
  44. Sze G. Leptomeningeal tumor: The “Plain Vanilla” approach remains the best. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23:745–746
  45. Mittl RL, Yousem DM. Frequency of unexplained meningeal enhancement in the brain after lumbar puncture. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:633–638http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/4/633Accessed April 1, 1994
  46. Fearnley J, Stevens J, Rudge P. Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. [review article]. Brain. 1995;118:1051–1066
  47. Mittal S, Wu Z, Neelavalli J, et al. Susceptibility-weighted imaging: Technical aspects and clinical applications, part 2. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30:232–252
  48. Noguchi K, Ogawa T, Inugami A, et al. Acute subarachnoid hemorrhage: MR imaging with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery pulse sequences. Radiology. 1995;196:773–777
  49. Noguchi K, Seto H, Kamisaki Y, et al. Comparison of fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MR imaging with CT in a simulated model of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21:923–927
  50. Bozzao A, Bastianello S, Bozzao L. Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis with high-signal-intensity CSF mimicking subarachnoid hemorrhage on MR FLAIR images. Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169:1183–1184
  51. Dechambre S, Duprez T, Grandin C, et al. High signal in cerebrospinal fluid mimicking subarachnoid haemorrhage on FLAIR following acute stroke and intravenous contrast medium. Neuroradiology. 2000;42:608–611
  52. Morris JM, Miller GM. Increased signal in the subarachnoid space on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging associated with the clearance dynamics of gadolinium chelate: A potential diagnostic pitfall. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28:1964–1967
  53. Adams J, Melhem E. Clinical usefulness of T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging of the CNS. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;172:529–536
  54. Stuckey S, Goh T, Heffernan T, et al. Hyperintensity in the subarachnoid space on FLAIR MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:913–921
  55. Bederson JB, Connolly ES, Batjer HH, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke. 2009;40:994–1025http://stroke.ahajournals.orgAccessed March 1, 2009
  56. Kassell N, Sasaki T, Colohan A, et al. Cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1985;16:562–572
  57. Kidwell C, Wintermark M. Imaging of intracranial haemorrhage. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:256–267
  58. Given C, Burdette J, Elster A, et al. Pseudo-subarachnoid hemorrhage: A potential imaging pitfall associated with diffuse cerebral edema. Am J Neuroradiology. 2003;24:254–256
  59. Mohamed M, Heasely D, Yagmurlu B, et al. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging and subarachnoid hemorrhage: Not a panacea. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25:545–550
  60. Rengachary S, Watanabe I. Ultrastructure and pathogenesis of intracranial arachnoid cysts. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1981;40:61–83
  61. Schaefer P, Grant P, Gonzalez R. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain. Radiology. 2000;217:331–345
  62. Osborn AG, Preece MT. Intracranial cysts: radiologic-pathologic correlation and imaging approach. Radiology. 2006;239:650–664http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/abstract/239/3/650Accessed June 1, 2006
  63. Haines D, Harkey H, Al-Mefty O. The “subdural” space: A new look at an outdated concept. Neurosurgery. 1993;32:111–120
  64. Mack J, Squier W, Eastman J. Anatomy and development of the meninges: Implications for subdural collections and CSF circulation. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39:200–210
  65. Han H, Tao W, Zhang M. The dural entrance of cerebral bridging veins into the superior sagittal sinus: An anatomical comparison between cadavers and digital subtraction angiography. Neuroradiology. 2007;49:169–175
  66. Chen CY, Chou TY, Zimmerman RA, et al. Pericerebral fluid collection: Differentiation of enlarged subarachnoid spaces from subdural collections with color Doppler US. Radiology. 1996;201:389–392
  67. Bradley W. MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Radiology. 1993;189:15–26
  68. Sipponen J, Sepponen R, Sivula A. Chronic subdural hematoma: Demonstration by magnetic resonance. Radiology. 1984;150:79–85
  69. Schievink W. Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks and intracranial hypotension. JAMA. 2006;295:2286–2296
  70. Tosaka M, Sato N, Fujimaki H, et al. Diffuse pachymeningeal and subdural effusion/hematoma detected by fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:1164–1170
  71. Chen CY, Huang CC, Chang YC, et al. Subdural empyema in 10 infants: US characteristics and clinical correlates. Radiology. 1998;207:609–617
  72. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Shaken baby syndrome: Inflicted cerebral trauma. Pediatrics. 1993;92:872–875
  73. Geddes J, Hackshaw A, Vowles G, et al. Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children I (Patterns of brain damage). Brain. 2001;124:1290–1298
  74. Hoskote A. Subdural haematoma and non-accidental head injury in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2002;18:311–317
  75. Squier W. Shaken baby syndrome: The quest for evidence. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50:10–14
  76. Duhaime AC, Christian CW, Rorke LB, et al. Nonaccidental head injury in infants—the “Shaken-Baby Syndrome”. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1822–1829http://content.nejm.orgAccessed June 18, 1998
  77. Geddes J, Vowles G, Hackshaw A, et al. Neuropathology of inflicted head injury in children (II. Microscopic brain injury in infants). Brain. 2001;124:1299–1306
  78. Geddes JF. Dural haemorrhage in non-traumatic infant deaths: Does it explain the bleeding in ‘shaken baby syndrome'?. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2003;29:14–22
  79. The Royal College of Radiologists and The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Standards for radiological investigations of suspected nonaccidental injury. http://www.rcr.ac.uk/docs/radiology/pdf/RCPCH_RCR_final.pdfAccessed March, 2008
  80. Kemp AM, Rajaram S, Mann M, et al. What neuroimaging should be performed in children in whom inflicted brain injury (iBI) is suspected? (A systematic review). Clin Radiol. 2009;64:473–483
  81. Sato Y, Yuh WT, Smith WL, et al. Head injury in child abuse: Evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology. 1989;173:653–657http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/abstract/173/3/653Accessed December 1, 1989

PII: S0887-2171(09)00074-2

doi: 10.1053/j.sult.2009.08.007

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 30, Issue 6 , Pages 565-593 , December 2009