Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 30, Issue 6 , Pages 525-558 , December 2009

The Imaging of the Cerebral Venous Sinuses

  • Fintan Sheerin, MA, MB BChir, MRCP, FRCR

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Fintan Sheerin, MA, MB BChir, MRCP, FRCR, Department of Neuroradiology, West Wing, Oxford Radcliffe NHS Trust, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom

References 

  1. Padget DH. The cranial venous system in man in reference to development, adult configuration, and relation to the arteries. Am J Anat. 1956;98:307–355
  2. Jeevan DS, Anlsow P, Jayamohan J. Abnormal venous drainage in syndromic craniosynostosis and the role of CT venography. Childs Nerv Syst. 2008;24:1413–1420
  3. Brunelle F, Baraton J, Renier D, et al. Intracranial venous anomalies associated with atretic cephalocoeles. Pediatr Radiol. 2000;30:743–747
  4. Patterson RJ, Egelhoff JC, Crone KR, et al. Atretic parietal cephaloceles revisited: An enlarging clinical and imaging spectrum?. Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:791–795
  5. Kashimura H, Arai H, Ogasawara K, et al. Persistent falcine sinus associated with obstruction of the superior sagittal sinus caused by meningioma—case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2007;47:83–84
  6. Varma DR, Reddy BC, Rao RV. Recanalization and obliteration of falcine sinus in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Neurology. 2008;70:79–80
  7. Bruhl K, Stoeter P, Wietek B, et al. Cerebral spinal fluid flow, venous drainage and spinal cord compression in achondroplastic children: Impact of magnetic resonance findings for decompressive surgery at the cranio-cervical junction. Eur J Pediatr. 2001;160:10–20
  8. Hirabuki N, Watanabe Y, Mano T, et al. Quantitation of flow in the superior sagittal sinus performed with cine phase-contrast MR imaging of healthy and achondroplastic children. Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21:1497–1501
  9. Huq AH, Chugani DC, Hukku B, et al. Evidence of somatic mosaicism in Sturge–Weber syndrome. Neurology. 2002;59:780–782
  10. Ramli N, Sachet M, Bao C, et al. Cerebrofacial venous metameric syndrome (CVMS) 3: Sturge–Weber syndrome with bilateral lymphatic/venous malformations of the mandible. Neuroradiology. 2003;45:687–690
  11. Timur AA, Driscoll DJ, Wang Q. Biomedicine and diseases: The Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, vascular anomalies and vascular morphogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005;62:1434–1447
  12. Bhattacharya JJLC, Suh DC, Alvarez H, et al. Wyburn-Mason or Bonnet-Duchaume-Blanc as cerebrofacial arteriovenous metameric syndrome (CAMS)—a new concept and new classification. Intervent Neuroradiol. 2001;7:5–17
  13. Wong IY, Batista LL, Alvarez H, et al. Craniofacial arteriovenous metameric syndrome (CAMS) 3—a transitional pattern between CAM 1 and 2 and spinal arteriovenous metameric syndromes. Neuroradiology. 2003;45:611–615
  14. Comi AM. Pathophysiology of Sturge–Weber syndrome. J Child Neurol. 2003;18:509–516
  15. Porto L, Kieslich M, Yan B, et al. Accelerated myelination associated with venous congestion. Eur Radiol. 2006;16:922–926
  16. Hu J, Yu Y, Juhasz C, et al. MR susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) complements conventional contrast enhanced T1 weighted MRI in characterizing brain abnormalities of Sturge–Weber Syndrome. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;28:300–307
  17. Lindenauer SM. The Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: Varicosity, hypertrophy and hemangioma with no arteriovenous fistula. Ann Surg. 1965;162:303–314
  18. Benhaiem-Sigaux N, Zerah M, Gherardi R, et al. A retromedullary arteriovenous fistula associated with the Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome (A clinicopathologic study). Acta Neuropathol. 1985;66:318–324
  19. Ferro JM, Canhao P, Bousser MG, et al. Cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis in elderly patients. Stroke. 2005;36:1927–1932
  20. Kocer N, Islak C, Siva A, et al. CNS involvement in neuro-Behcet syndrome: An MR study. Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20:1015–1024
  21. Stolz E, Klotzsch C, Rahimi A, et al. Seasonal variations in the incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16:455–456; author reply:456
  22. Cumurciuc R, Crassard I, Sarov M, et al. Headache as the only neurological sign of cerebral venous thrombosis: A series of 17 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:1084–1087
  23. Smith R, Hourihan MD. Investigating suspected cerebral venous thrombosis. BMJ. 2007;334:794–795
  24. Kosinski CM, Mull M, Schwarz M, et al. Do normal D-dimer levels reliably exclude cerebral sinus thrombosis?. Stroke. 2004;35:2820–2825
  25. Rhoton AL. The posterior fossa veins. Neurosurgery. 2000;47(suppl 3):S69–S92
  26. Gaikwad AB, Mudalgi BA, Patankar KB, et al. Diagnostic role of 64-slice multidetector row CT scan and CT venogram in cases of cerebral venous thrombosis. Emerg Radiol. 2008;15:325–333
  27. Ozsvath RR, Casey SO, Lustrin ES, et al. Cerebral venography: Comparison of CT and MR projection venography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;169:1699–1707
  28. Yuh WT, Simonson TM, Wang AM, et al. Venous sinus occlusive disease: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15:309–316
  29. Isensee C, Reul J, Thron A. Magnetic resonance imaging of thrombosed dural sinuses. Stroke. 1994;25:29–34
  30. Provenzale JM, Joseph GJ, Barboriak DP. Dural sinus thrombosis: Findings on CT and MR imaging and diagnostic pitfalls. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170:777–783
  31. Macchi PJ, Grossman RI, Gomori JM, et al. High field MR imaging of cerebral venous thrombosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1986;10:10–15
  32. Lafitte F, Boukobza M, Guichard JP, et al. Deep cerebral venous thrombosis: Imaging in eight cases. Neuroradiology. 1999;41:410–418
  33. Selim M, Fink J, Linfante I, et al. Diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis with echo-planar T2*d magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:1021–1026
  34. Idbaih A, Boukobza M, Crassard I, et al. MRI of clot in cerebral venous thrombosis: High diagnostic value of susceptibility-weighted images. Stroke. 2006;37:991–995
  35. Chu K, Kang DW, Yoon BW, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance in cerebral venous thrombosis. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:1569–1576
  36. Keller E, Flacke S, Urbach H, et al. Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in deep cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 1999;30:1144–1146
  37. Favrole P, Guichard JP, Crassard I, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging of intravascular clots in cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2004;35:99–103
  38. Rauscher A, Sedlacik J, Barth M, et al. Magnetic susceptibility-weighted MR phase imaging of the human brain. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:736–742
  39. Mittal S, Wu Z, Neelavalli J, et al. Susceptibility-weighted imaging: Technical aspects and clinical applications, part 2. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30:232–252
  40. Haacke EM, Mittal S, Wu Z, et al. Susceptibility-weighted imaging: Technical aspects and clinical applications, part 1. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30:19–30
  41. Stracke CP, Katoh M, Wiethoff AJ, et al. Molecular MRI of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis using a new fibrin-specific MR contrast agent. Stroke. 2007;38:1476–1481
  42. Huston J, Ehman RL. Comparison of time-of-flight and phase-contrast MR neuroangiographic techniques. Radiographics. 1993;13:5–19
  43. Meckel S, Glucker TM, Kretzschmar M, et al. Display of dural sinuses with time-resolved, contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR venography. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;25:217–224
  44. Ries S, Steinke W, Neff KW, et al. Echocontrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded sonography for the diagnosis of transverse sinus venous thrombosis. Stroke. 1997;28:696–700
  45. Mamourian AC, Towfighi J. MR of giant arachnoid granulation, a normal variant presenting as a mass within the dural venous sinus. Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16(suppl 4):901–904
  46. Murphy JM, Gomez-Anson B, Gillard JH, et al. Wegener granulomatosis: MR imaging findings in brain and meninges. Radiology. 1999;213:794–799
  47. de Bruijn SF, Stam J. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of anticoagulant treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke. 1999;30:484–488
  48. Newman CB, Pakbaz RS, Nguyen AD, et al. Endovascular treatment of extensive cerebral sinus thrombosis. J Neurosurg. 2009;110:442–445
  49. Frey JL, Muro GJ, McDougall CG, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis: Combined intrathrombus rtPA and intravenous heparin. Stroke. 1999;30:489–494
  50. Ray BS, Dunbar HS. Thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses as a cause of pseudotumor cerebri. Ann Surg. 1951;134:376–386
  51. Farb RI, Vanek I, Scott JN, et al. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: The prevalence and morphology of sinovenous stenosis. Neurology. 2003;60:1418–1424
  52. Stienen A, Weinzierl M, Ludolph A, et al. Obstruction of cerebral venous sinus secondary to idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15:1416–1418
  53. Bono F, Giliberto C, Mastrandrea C, et al. Transverse sinus stenoses persist after normalization of the CSF pressure in IIH. Neurology. 2005;65:1090–1093
  54. Connor SE, Siddiqui MA, Stewart VR, et al. The relationship of transverse sinus stenosis to bony groove dimensions provides an insight into the aetiology of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neuroradiology. 2008;50:999–1004
  55. Bateman GA, Stevens SA, Stimpson J. A mathematical model of idiopathic intracranial hypertension incorporating increased arterial inflow and variable venous outflow collapsibility. J Neurosurg. 2009;110:446–456
  56. Bateman GA. Arterial inflow and venous outflow in idiopathic intracranial hypertension associated with venous outflow stenoses. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15:402–408
  57. Donnet A, Metellus P, Levrier O, et al. Endovascular treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: clinical and radiologic outcome of 10 consecutive patients. Neurology. 2008;70:641–647
  58. Uranishi R, Nakase H, Sakaki T. Expression of angiogenic growth factors in dural arteriovenous fistula. J Neurosurg. 1999;91:781–786
  59. Mironov A. Pathogenetical consideration of spontaneous dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs). Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1994;131:45–58
  60. Borden JA, Wu JK, Shucart WA. A proposed classification for spinal and cranial dural arteriovenous fistulous malformations and implications for treatment. J Neurosurg. 1995;82:166–179
  61. Cognard C, Gobin YP, Pierot L, et al. Cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulas: Clinical and angiographic correlation with a revised classification of venous drainage. Radiology. 1995;194:671–680
  62. Mironov A. Cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical findings and radiologic diagnostics. Clin Neuroradiol. 2005;15:32–39
  63. Paolini S, Lanzino G, Colonnese C, et al. Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography in presurgical planning for treatment of infratentorial dural arteriovenous fistulas. J Neurosurg. 2009;110:85–89
  64. Zou Z, Ma L, Cheng L, et al. Time-resolved contrast-enhanced MR angiography of intracranial lesions. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;27:692–699
  65. Hashimoto Y, Kin S, Haraguchi K, et al. Pitfalls in the preoperative evaluation of subarachnoid hemorrhage without digital subtraction angiography: Report on 2 cases. Surg Neurol. 2007;68:344–348
  66. Holmes G. Injuries of the superior longitudinal sinus. BMJ. 1915;1:493–498

PII: S0887-2171(09)00072-9

doi: 10.1053/j.sult.2009.08.005

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 30, Issue 6 , Pages 525-558 , December 2009