Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 30, Issue 5 , Pages 387-407 , October 2009

Hypervascular Liver Lesions

  • Aya Kamaya, MD

      Affiliations

    • Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Aya Kamaya, MD, Assistant Professor of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive H1307, Stanford, CA 94305
    • ,
  • Katherine E. Maturen, MD

      Affiliations

    • University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI
    • ,
  • Grace A. Tye, MD

      Affiliations

    • Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA
    • ,
  • Yueyi I. Liu, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Stanford University, Stanford, CA
    • ,
  • Naveen N. Parti, MD

      Affiliations

    • Greenville Radiology, Greenville, SC
    • ,
  • Terry S. Desser, MD

      Affiliations

    • Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA

References 

  1. Baron RL. Understanding and optimizing use of contrast material for CT of the liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;163:323–331
  2. Goshima S, Kanematsu M, Kondo H, et al. Optimal acquisition delay for dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192:686–692
  3. Mori K, Yoshioka H, Takahashi N, et al. Triple arterial phase dynamic MRI with sensitivity encoding for hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy among the early, Middle, late, and whole triple arterial phase imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184:63–69
  4. Yoshioka H, Sato J, Takahashi N, et al. Dual double arterial phase dynamic MR imaging with sensitivity encoding (SENSE): Which is better for diagnosing hypervascular hepatocellular carcinomas, in-phase or opposed-phase imaging?. Magn Reson Imaging. 2004;22:361–367
  5. Murakami T, Kim T, Takamura M, et al. Hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma: Detection with double arterial phase multi-detector row helical CT. Radiology. 2001;218:763–767
  6. Fleischmann D, Kamaya A. Optimal vascular and parenchymal contrast enhancement: The current state of the art. Radiol Clin North Am. 2009;47:13–26
  7. Nguyen BN, Flejou JF, Terris B, et al. Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: A comprehensive pathologic study of 305 lesions and recognition of new histologic forms. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23:1441–1454
  8. Craig PR, Edmondson HA. Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. In: Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Second Series Fascicle. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1989;p. 26;Pathology AFIo, editor.
  9. Party IW. Terminology of nodular hepatocellular lesions. J Hepatol. 1995;22:983–993
  10. Vilgrain V. Focal nodular hyperplasia. Eur J Radiol. 2006;58:236–245
  11. Cotran RS, Kumar V, Collins T. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1999;
  12. Hussain SM, Terkivatan T, Zondervan PE, et al. Focal nodular hyperplasia: Findings at state-of-the-art MR imaging, US, CT, and pathologic analysis. RadioGraphics. 2004;24:3–17discussion, 18-19
  13. Wanless IR, Mawdsley C, Adams R. On the pathogenesis of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. J Hepatol. 1985;5:1194–1200
  14. Paradis V, Benzekri A, Dargere D, et al. Telangiectatic focal nodular hyperplasia: A variant of hepatocellular adenoma. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1323–1329
  15. Bioulac-Sage P, Rebouissou S, Sa Cunha A, et al. Clinical, morphologic, and molecular features defining so-called telangiectatic focal nodular hyperplasias of the liver. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:1211–1218
  16. Paradis V, Champault A, Ronot M, et al. Telangiectatic adenoma: An entity associated with increased body mass index and inflammation. J Hepatol. 2007;46:140–146
  17. Kehagias D, Moulopoulos L, Antoniou A, et al. Focal nodular hyperplasia: Imaging findings. Eur Radiol. 2001;11:202–212
  18. Uggowitzer M, Kugler C, Machan L, et al. Power Doppler imaging and evaluation of the resistive index in focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Abdom Imaging. 1997;22:268–273
  19. Kim MJ, Lim HK, Kim SH, et al. Evaluation of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia with contrast-enhanced gray scale harmonic sonography: Initial experience. J Ultrasound Med. 2004;23:297–305
  20. Rogers JV, Mack LA, Freeny PC, et al. Hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia: Angiography, CT, sonography, and scintigraphy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;137:983–990
  21. Procacci C, Fugazzola C, Cinquino M, et al. Contribution of CT to characterization of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Gastrointest Radiol. 1992;17:63–73
  22. Brancatelli G, Federle MP, Grazioli L, et al. Focal nodular hyperplasia: CT findings with emphasis on multiphasic helical CT in 78 patients. Radiology. 2001;219:61–68
  23. Lin MC, Tsay PK, Ko SF, et al. Triphasic dynamic CT findings of 63 hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia in 46 patients: Correlation with size and pathological findings. Abdom Imaging. 2008;33:301–307
  24. Carlson SK, Johnson CD, Bender CE, et al. Of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174:705–712
  25. Shirkhoda A, Farah MC, Bernacki E, et al. Hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia: CT and sonographic spectrum. Abdom Imaging. 1994;19:34–38
  26. Caseiro-Alves F, Zins M, Mahfouz AE, et al. Calcification in focal nodular hyperplasia: A new problem for differentiation from fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology. 1996;198:889–892
  27. Choi CS, Freeny PC. Triphasic helical CT of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia: Incidence of atypical findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170:391–395
  28. Cherqui D, Rahmouni A, Charlotte F, et al. Management of focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatocellular adenoma in young women: A series of 41 patients with clinical, radiological, and pathological correlations. J Hepatol. 1995;22:1674–1681
  29. Mortele KJ, Praet M, Van Vlierberghe H, et al. CT and MR imaging findings in focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: Radiologic-pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175:687–692
  30. Grazioli L, Morana G, Kirchin MA, et al. Accurate differentiation of focal nodular hyperplasia from hepatic adenoma at gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging: Prospective study. Radiology. 2005;236:166–177
  31. Ba-Ssalamah A, Schima W, Schmook MT, et al. Atypical focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: Imaging features of nonspecific and liver-specific MR contrast agents. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179:1447–1456
  32. Stanley G, Jeffrey RB, Feliz B. Findings and histopathology of intratumoral steatosis in focal nodular hyperplasia: Case report and review of the literature. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2002;26:815–817
  33. Davis LP, Mccarroll K. Correlative imaging of the liver and hepatobiliary system. Semin Nucl Med. 1994;24:208–218
  34. Boulahdour H, Cherqui D, Charlotte F, et al. The hot spot hepatobiliary scan in focal nodular hyperplasia. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:2105–2110
  35. Kobayashi S, Matsui O, Gabata T, et al. Radiological and histopathological manifestations of hepatocellular nodular lesions concomitant with various congenital and acquired hepatic hemodynamic abnormalities. Jpn J Radiol. 2009;27:53–68
  36. Vilgrain V, Lewin M, Vons C, et al. Hepatic nodules in Budd–Chiari syndrome: Imaging features. Radiology. 1999;210:443–450
  37. Flor N, Zuin M, Brovelli F, et al. Regenerative nodules in patients with chronic Budd–Chiari syndrome: A longitudinal study using multiphase contrast-enhanced multidetector CT. Eur J Radiol; 2009;[epub ahead of print]
  38. Qayyum A, Graser A, Westphalen A, et al. Of benign hypervascular liver nodules in autoimmune hepatitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183:1573–1576
  39. Moucari R, Rautou PE, Cazals-Hatem D, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Budd–Chiari syndrome: Characteristics and risk factors. Gut. 2008;57:828–835
  40. Maetani Y, Itoh K, Egawa H, et al. Benign hepatic nodules in Budd–Chiari syndrome: Radiologic-pathologic correlation with emphasis on the central scar. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:869–875
  41. Reddy KR, Schiff ER. Approach to a liver mass. Semin Liver Dis. 1993;13:423–435
  42. Soe KL, Soe M, Gluud C. Liver pathology associated with the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Liver. 1992;12:73–79
  43. Lee PJ. Glycogen storage disease type i: Pathophysiology of liver adenomas. Eur J Pediatr. 2002;161:S46–S491(suppl)
  44. Franco LM, Krishnamurthy V, Bali D, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in glycogen storage disease type IA: A case series. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28:153–162
  45. Hussain SM, van den Bos IC, Dwarkasing RS, et al. Hepatocellular adenoma: Findings at state-of-the-art magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, computed tomography and pathologic analysis. Eur Radiol. 2006;16:1873–1886
  46. Golli M, Van Nhieu JT, Mathieu D, et al. Hepatocellular adenoma: Color Doppler US and pathologic correlations. Radiology. 1994;190:741–744
  47. Ichikawa T, Federle MP, Grazioli L, et al. Hepatocellular adenoma: Multiphasic CT and histopathologic findings in 25 patients. Radiology. 2000;214:861–868
  48. Arrive L, Flejou JF, Vilgrain V, et al. Hepatic adenoma: MR findings in 51 pathologically proved lesions. Radiology. 1994;193:507–512
  49. Mettler FA, Guiberteau MJ. Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Imaging. [Print], vol XI Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier; 2006;
  50. Brancatelli G, Federle MP, Vullierme MP, et al. CT and MR imaging evaluation of hepatic adenoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2006;30:745–750
  51. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55(2):74–108
  52. Davila JA, Morgan RO, Shaib Y, et al. Hepatitis C infection and the increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma: A population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:1372–1380
  53. Llovet JM, Burroughs A, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 2003;362:1907–1917
  54. El-Serag HB, Mason AC. Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:745–750
  55. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:693–699
  56. Freeman RB. Transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: The Milan criteria and beyond. Liver Transplant. 2006;12(suppl 2):S8–S13
  57. Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. J Hepatol. 2001;33:1394–1403
  58. Colli A, Fraquelli M, Casazza G, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography, spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and alpha-fetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:513–523
  59. Willatt JM, Hussain HK, Adusumilli S, et al. MR imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver: Challenges and controversies. Radiology. 2008;247:311–330
  60. Baron RL, Brancatelli G. Computed tomographic imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(suppl 1):S133–S143
  61. Hollett MD, Jeffrey RB, Nino-Murcia M, et al. Dual-phase helical CT of the liver: Value of arterial phase scans in the detection of small (< or = 1.5 cm) malignant hepatic neoplasms. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;164:879–884
  62. Hwang GJ, Kim MJ, Yoo HS, et al. Nodular hepatocellular carcinomas: Detection with arterial-, portal-, and delayed-phase images at spiral CT. Radiology. 1997;202:383–388
  63. Kim T, Murakami T, Takahashi S, et al. Optimal phases of dynamic CT for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma: Evaluation of unenhanced and triple-phase images. Abdom Imaging. 1999;24:473–480
  64. Laghi A, Iannaccone R, Rossi P, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Detection with triple-phase multi-detector row helical CT in patients with chronic hepatitis. Radiology. 2003;226:543–549
  65. Mitsuzaki K, Yamashita Y, Ogata I, et al. Multiple-phase helical CT of the liver for detecting small hepatomas in patients with liver cirrhosis: Contrast-injection protocol and optimal timing. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;167:753–757
  66. Monzawa S, Ichikawa T, Nakajima H, et al. Dynamic CT for detecting small hepatocellular carcinoma: Usefulness of delayed phase imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:147–153
  67. Valls C, Cos M, Figueras J, et al. Pretransplantation diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: Value of dual-phase helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182:1011–1017
  68. Ronzoni A, Artioli D, Scardina R, et al. Role of MDCT in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:792–798
  69. Marrero JA, Hussain HK, Nghiem HV, et al. Improving the prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients with an arterially-enhancing liver mass. Liver Transplant. 2005;11:281–289
  70. Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2005;42:1208–1236
  71. Iannaccone R, Laghi A, Catalano C, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Role of unenhanced and delayed phase multi-detector row helical CT in patients with cirrhosis. Radiology. 2005;234:460–467
  72. Vauthey JN, Lauwers GY, Esnaola NF, et al. Simplified staging for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1527–1536
  73. Edmondson HA. Differential diagnosis of tumors and tumor-like lesions of liver in infancy and childhood. AMA J Dis Child. 1956;91:168–186
  74. El-Serag HB, Davila JA. Is fibrolamellar carcinoma different from hepatocellular carcinoma? (A US population-based study). J Hepatol. 2004;39:798–803
  75. Torbenson M. Review of the clinicopathologic features of fibrolamellar carcinoma. Adv Anat Pathol. 2007;14:217–223
  76. Ichikawa T, Federle MP, Grazioli L, et al. Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma: Imaging and pathologic findings in 31 recent cases. Radiology. 1999;213:352–361
  77. McLarney JK, Rucker PT, Bender GN, et al. Fibrolamellar carcinoma of the liver: Radiologic-pathologic correlation. RadioGraphics. 1999;19:453–471
  78. Brandt DJ, Johnson CD, Stephens DH, et al. Imaging of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;151:295–299
  79. Friedman AC, Lichtenstein JE, Goodman Z, et al. Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology. 1985;157:583–587
  80. Powers C, Ros PR, Stoupis C, et al. Primary liver neoplasms: MR imaging with pathologic correlation. RadioGraphics. 1994;14:459–482
  81. Katzenstein HM, Krailo MD, Malogolowkin MH, et al. Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma in children and adolescents. Cancer. 2003;97:2006–2012
  82. Nakeeb A, Pitt HA, Sohn TA, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma (A spectrum of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors). Ann Surg. 1996;224:463–473discussion, 473-475
  83. Sainani NI, Catalano OA, Holalkere NS, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma: Current and novel imaging techniques. RadioGraphics. 2008;28:1263–1287
  84. Valls C, Guma A, Puig I, et al. Intrahepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: CT evaluation. Abdom Imaging. 2000;25:490–496
  85. Chen MF. Peripheral cholangiocarcinoma (cholangiocellular carcinoma): Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;14:1144–1149
  86. Okuda K. Peripheral cholangiocarcinoma and intrahepatic calculi. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;14:1141–1143
  87. Hamrick-Turner J, Abbitt PL, Ros PR. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: MR appearance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;158:77–79
  88. Loyer EM, Chin H, Dubrow RA, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: Enhancement patterns with quadruple phase helical CT—A comparative study. Radiology. 1999;212:866–875
  89. Kim YJ, Yun M, Lee WJ, et al. Usefulness of 18F-FDG PET in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:1467–1472
  90. Torabi M, Hosseinzadeh K, Federle MP. Of nonneoplastic hepatic vascular and perfusion disorders. RadioGraphics. 2008;28:1967–1982
  91. Lane MJ, Jeffrey RB, Katz DS. Spontaneous intrahepatic vascular shunts. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174:125–131
  92. Colagrande S, Centi N, Galdiero R, et al. Transient hepatic intensity differences (Part 2, Those not associated with focal lesions). AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(1):160–166
  93. Takayasu K, Muramatsu Y, Mizuguchi Y, et al. Multiple non-tumorous arterioportal shunts due to chronic liver disease mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma: Outcomes and the associated elevation of alpha-fetoprotein. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21:288–294
  94. Guttmacher AE, Marchuk DA, White RI. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:918–924
  95. Garcia-Tsao G, Korzenik JR, Young L, et al. Liver disease in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:931–936
  96. Wu JS, Saluja S, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Liver involvement in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: CT and clinical findings do not correlate in symptomatic patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:W399–W405
  97. Ianora AA, Memeo M, Sabba C, et al. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: Multi-detector row helical CT assessment of hepatic involvement. Radiology. 2004;230:250–259
  98. Siddiki H, Doherty MG, Fletcher JG, et al. Abdominal findings in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: Pictorial essay on 2D and 3D findings with isotropic multiphase CT. RadioGraphics. 2008;28:171–184
  99. Buscarini E, Danesino C, Plauchu H, et al. High prevalence of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia in subjects with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2004;30:1089–1097
  100. Milot L, Kamaoui I, Gautier G, et al. Hereditary-hemorrhagic telangiectasia: One-step magnetic resonance examination in evaluation of liver involvement. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2008;32:677–685
  101. Buonamico P, Suppressa P, Lenato GM, et al. Liver involvement in a large cohort of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: Echo-color-Doppler vs multislice computed tomography study. J Hepatol. 2008;48:811–820
  102. Naganuma H, Ishida H, Niizawa M, et al. Hepatic involvement in Osler-Weber-Rendu disease: Findings on pulsed and color Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995;165:1421–1425
  103. Bertolotto M, Martinoli C, Migaleddu V, et al. Color Doppler sonography of intrahepatic vascular shunts. J Clin Ultrasound. 2008;36:527–538
  104. Bioulac-Sage P, Laumonier H, Laurent C, et al. Benign and malignant vascular tumors of the liver in adults. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28:302–314
  105. Kassarjian A, Zurakowski D, Dubois J, et al. Infantile hepatic hemangiomas: Clinical and imaging findings and their correlation with therapy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182:785–795
  106. Shimizu M, Miura J, Itoh H, et al. Hepatic giant cavernous hemangioma with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and consumption coagulopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85:1411–1413
  107. Corigliano N, Mercantini P, Amodio PM, et al. Hemoperitoneum from a spontaneous rupture of a giant hemangioma of the liver: Report of a case. Surg Today. 2003;33:459–463
  108. Kim KW, Kim AY, Kim TK, et al. Hepatic hemangiomas with arterioportal shunt: Sonographic appearances with CT and MRI correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:W406–W414
  109. Kobayashi S, Maruyama H, Okugawa H, et al. Contrast-enhanced US with levovist for the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma: Time-related changes of enhancement appearance and the hemodynamic background. Hepatogastroenterology. 2008;55:1222–1228
  110. Dietrich CF, Mertens JC, Braden B, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of histologically proven liver hemangiomas. J Hepatol. 2007;45:1139–1145
  111. Yamashita Y, Ogata I, Urata J, et al. Cavernous hemangioma of the liver: Pathologic correlation with dynamic CT findings. Radiology. 1997;203:121–125
  112. Coumbaras M, Wendum D, Monnier-Cholley L, et al. CT and MR imaging features of pathologically proven atypical giant hemangiomas of the liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179:1457–1463
  113. Federle M, Anne V. Hepatic Cavernous Hemangioma: Diagnostic Imaging: Abdomen. (ed 1). Salt Lake City, UT: Amirsys, Inc; 2004;
  114. Bhati CS, Bhatt AN, Starkey G, et al. Acute liver failure due to primary angiosarcoma: A case report and review of literature. World J Surg Oncol. 2008;6:104
  115. Koyama T, Fletcher JG, Johnson CD, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma: Findings at CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 2002;222:667–673
  116. Kim HR, Rha SY, Cheon SH, et al. Clinical features and treatment outcomes of advanced stage primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Ann Oncol. 2009;20:780–787
  117. Molina E, Hernandez A. Clinical manifestations of primary hepatic angiosarcoma. Digest Dis Sci. 2003;48:677–682
  118. Lee SW, Song CY, Gi YH, et al. Hepatic angiosarcoma manifested as recurrent hemoperitoneum. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:2935–2938
  119. Yu RS, Chen Y, Jiang B, et al. Primary hepatic sarcomas: CT findings. Eur Radiol. 2008;18:2196–2205
  120. Peterson MS, Baron RL, Rankin SC. Hepatic angiosarcoma: Findings on multiphasic contrast-enhanced helical CT do not mimic hepatic hemangioma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175:165–170
  121. Maeda T, Tateishi U, Hasegawa T, et al. Primary hepatic angiosarcoma on coregistered FDG PET and CT images. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:1615–1617
  122. Abbott RM, Levy AD, Aguilera NS, et al. From the archives of the AFIP: Primary vascular neoplasms of the spleen: Radiologic-pathologic correlation. RadioGraphics. 2004;24:1137–1163
  123. Tsokos M, Erbersdobler A. Pathology of peliosis. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;149:25–33
  124. Kim SH, Lee JM, Kim WH, et al. Focal peliosis hepatis as a mimicker of hepatic tumors: Radiological-pathological correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2007;31:79–85
  125. Iannaccone R, Federle MP, Brancatelli G, et al. Peliosis hepatis: Spectrum of imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:W43–W52
  126. Jaiswal VR, Champine JG, Sharma S, et al. Primary glomangioma of the liver: A case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004;128:e46–e49
  127. Kenn W, Klein I, Gassel HJ, et al. Primary glomangioma of the liver: Imaging findings. Abdom Imaging. 2002;27:716–719
  128. Gombos Z, Zhang PJ. Glomus tumor. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008;132:1448–1452
  129. Yan FH, Zhou KR, Jiang YP, et al. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver: 13 cases of MRI findings. World J Gastroenterol. 2001;7:422–424
  130. Fukuya T, Honda H, Matsumata T, et al. Diagnosis of inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver: Value of CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;163:1087–1091
  131. Yoon KH, Ha HK, Lee JS, et al. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver in patients with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis: CT-histopathologic correlation. Radiology. 1999;211:373–379
  132. Nam KJ, Kang HK, Lim JH. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver: CT and sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1996;167:485–487
  133. Ros PR, Taylor HM. Malignant tumors of the liver. In:  Gore RM,  Levine MS editor. Textbook of Gastrointestinal Radiology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2000;p. 1523–1568
  134. Silva AC, Evans JM, Mccullough AE, et al. MR imaging of hypervascular liver masses: A review of current techniques. RadioGraphics. 2009;29:385–402
  135. Namasivayam S, Martin DR, Saini S. Imaging of liver metastases: MRI. Cancer Imaging. 2007;7:2–9
  136. Danet IM, Semelka RC, Leonardou P, et al. Spectrum of MRI appearances of untreated metastases of the liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:809–817
  137. Sica GT, Ji H, Ros PR. CT and MR imaging of hepatic metastases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174:691–698
  138. Burkholz KJ, Silva AC, File AJRT. Hypervascular metastasis or hepatic hemangioma?. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(suppl):S53–S56
  139. Mahfouz AE, Hamm B, Wolf KJ. Peripheral washout: A sign of malignancy on dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR images of focal liver lesions. Radiology. 1994;190:49–52
  140. Quillin SP, Atilla S, Brown JJ, et al. Characterization of focal hepatic masses by dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging: Findings in 311 lesions. Magn Reson Imaging. 1997;15:275–285

PII: S0887-2171(09)00054-7

doi: 10.1053/j.sult.2009.06.001

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 30, Issue 5 , Pages 387-407 , October 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution