Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 29, Issue 3 , Pages 182-194 , June 2008

Coronary Artery Anomalies: Classification and Electrocardiogram-Gated Multidetector Computed Tomographic Findings

References 

  1. Hoffmann JI, Kaplan S, Liberthson RR. Prevalence of congenital heart disease. Am Heart J. 2004;147:425–439
  2. Angelini P, Villason S, Chan AV, et al. Normal and anomalous coronary arteries in humans. In:  Angelini P editors. Coronary Artery Anomalies: A Comprehensive Approach. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins; 1999;p. 27–150
  3. Schmitt R, Froehner S, Brunn J, et al. Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries: imaging with contrast-enhanced, multidetector computed tomography. Eur Radiol. 2005;15:1110–1121
  4. Datta J, White CS, Gilkeson RC, et al. Anomalous coronary arteries in adults: depiction at multi-detector row CT angiography. Radiology. 2005;235:812–818
  5. Hoffmann MH, Shi H, Manzke R, et al. noninvasive coronary angiography with 16-detector row CT: effect of heart rate. Radiology. 2005;234:86–97
  6. Heuschmid M, Burgstahler C, Reimann A, et al. Usefulness of noninvasive cardiac imaging using dual-source computed tomography in an unselected population with high prevalence of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:587–592
  7. Angelini P, Velasco JA, Flamm S. Coronary anomalies: incidence, pathophysiology, and clinical relevance. Circulation. 2002;105:2449–2454
  8. Kim SY, Seo JB, Do KH, et al. Coronary artery anomalies: classification and ECG-gated multi-detector row CT findings with angiographic correlation. Radiographics. 2006;26:317–334
  9. Popma JJ. Coronary Angiography and intravascular ultrasound imaging. In:  Zipes DP,  Libby P, Bonow , et al. editor. (ed 7). Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. vol 1:Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc; 2005;p. 423–455
  10. Frescura C, Basso C, Thiene G, et al. Anomalous origin of coronary arteries and risk of sudden death: a study based on an autopsy population of congenital heart disease. Hum Pathol. 1998;29:689–695
  11. Dodd JD, Ferencik M, Liberthson RR, et al. Congenital anomalies of coronary artery origin in adults: 64-MDCT appearance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:W138–W146
  12. Takur R, Dwivedi SK, Puri VK. Unusual “high take off” of the right coronary artery from the ascending aorta. Int J Cardiol. 1990;26:369–371
  13. Greenberg MA, Fish BG, Spindola-Franco H. Congenital anomalies of coronary artery: classification and significance. Radiol Clin North Am. 1989;27:1127–1146
  14. Danias PG, Stuber M, McConnell MV, et al. The diagnosis of congenital coronary anomalies with magnetic resonance imaging. Coron Artery Dis. 2001;12:621–626
  15. Desmet W, Vanhaecke J, Vrolix M, et al. Isolated single coronary artery: a review of 50,000 consecutive coronary artery angiographies. Eur Heart J. 1992;13:1637–1640
  16. Smith JC. Review of single coronary artery with report of 2 cases. Circulation. 1950;1:1168–1175
  17. Kandzari D, Harrison J, Behar V. An anomalous left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery in a 72-year-old woman: diagnosis by color flow myocardial blush and coronary angiography. J Invasive Cardiol. 2002;14:96–99
  18. Dodge-Khatami A, Mavroudis C, Backer CL. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: collective review of surgical therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:946–955
  19. Chaitman BR, Lesperance J, Saltiel J, et al. Clinical, angiographic, and hemodynamic findings in patients with anomalous origin of the coronary arteries. Circulation. 1976;53:122–131
  20. Altun A, Endogan O. Stent implantation to the stenosed right coronary artery in a patient whose right and left coronary arteries originate from a single ostium in the right sinus of Valsalva. Cardiol Rev. 2003;11:101–103
  21. Fineschi M, Del SM, Leosco D, et al. A rare anatomic variation of the anomalous origin of all three major coronary arteries from the right aortic sinus of Valsalva. G Ital Cardiol. 1998;28:564–566
  22. Wong C, Schreiber T. Stenting of an anomalous left circumflex coronary artery arising from the right sinus of Valsalva. Tex Med. 1998;94:64–66
  23. Cohen M, Tolleson T, Peter R, et al. Successful percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation in anomalous right coronary arteries arising from the left sinus of Valsalva: a report of two cases. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2002;55:105–108
  24. Doorey A. Anomalous origin of the right coronary arteries from the left coronary sinus. Tex Heart Inst J. 2002;29:232
  25. Garcia-Rinaldi R. Right coronary arteries that course between aorta and pulmonary artery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:973
  26. Bunce NH, Lorenz CH, Keegan J, et al. Coronary artery anomalies: assessment with free-breathing three-dimensional coronary MR angiography. Radiology. 2003;227:201–208
  27. Kimbiris D, Iskandrian AS, Segal Bl, et al. Anomalous aortic origin of coronary arteries. Circulation. 1978;58:606–615
  28. Yamanaka O, Hobbs RE. Coronary artery anomalies in 126,595 patients undergoing coronary angiography. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1990;21:28–40
  29. Donaldson RM, Raphael M, Radley-Smith R, et al. Angiographic identification of primary coronary anomalies causing impaired myocardial perfusion. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1983;9:237–249
  30. Konen E, Goitein O, Sternik L, et al. The prevalence and anatomical patterns of intramuscular coronary arteries: a coronary computed tomography angiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:587–593
  31. Mohlenkamp S, Hort W, Ge J, et al. Update on myocardial bridging. Circulation. 2002;106:2616–2622
  32. Sajja LR, Farooqi A, Shaik MS, et al. Dual left anterior descending coronary artery: surgical revascularization in 4 cases. Tex Heart J. 2000;27:292–296
  33. Yoshikai M, Kamohara K, Fumoto H, et al. Dual left anterior descending coronary artery: report of a case. Surg Today. 2004;34:453–455
  34. Paulin S. Coronary angiography: a technical, anatomic and clinical study. Chap VI. The left coronary artery. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1964;54(suppl 233):L+
  35. Said SA, el Gamal MI, van der Werf T. Coronary arteriovenous fistulas: collective review and management of six new cases—changing etiology, presentation, and treatment strategy. Clin Cardiol. 1997;20:748–752
  36. Bruma O, Rahman A, Ilkay E. Coronary arteriovenous fistulas from both coronary arteries to pulmonary artery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;21:86
  37. Van Genus RJ, Cademartiri F. Anatomy of the coronary arteries and vein in CT imaging. In:  Schoepf UJ editors. CT of the Heart. Totowa, NJ: Humana; 2005;p. 219–228

PII: S0887-2171(08)00015-2

doi: 10.1053/j.sult.2008.02.004

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 29, Issue 3 , Pages 182-194 , June 2008