Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 29, Issue 1 , Pages 47-59 , February 2008

Uncommon Epiloptogenic Lesions Affecting the Temporal Lobe

  • Ana Ramos, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Neuroradiology Section, Radiology Department, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to: Ana Ramos, PhD, Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Avda de Cordoba S/N, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Madrid, 28041, Spain.
    • ,
  • Federico Ballenilla, MD

      Affiliations

    • Neuroradiology Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
    • ,
  • Patricia Martin, MD

      Affiliations

    • Neuroradiology Section, Radiology Department, Hospital Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.

References 

  1. Frey LC. Epidemiology of posttraumatic epilepsy: a critical review. Epilepsia. 2003;44(suppl 10):11–17
  2. Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Coan SP, et al. A population-based study of seizures after traumatic brain injuries. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:20–24
  3. Englander J, Bushnik T, Duong TT, et al. Analyzing risk factors for late posttraumatic seizures: a prospective, multicenter investigation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:365–373
  4. Kumar R, Gupta RK, Rao SB, et al. Magnetization transfer and T2 quantitation in normal appearing cortical gray matter and white matter adjacent to focal abnormality in patients with traumatic brain injury. Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;21:893–899
  5. Messori A, Polonara G, Carle F, et al. Predicting posttraumatic epilepsy with MRI: prospective longitudinal morphologic study in adults. Epilepsia. 2005;46:1472–1481
  6. D’Ambrosio R, Fender JS, Fairbanks JP, et al. Progression from frontal-parietal to mesial-temporal epilepsy after fluid percussion injury in the rat. Brain. 2005;128:174–188
  7. Marks DA, Kim J, Spencer DD, et al. Seizure localization and pathology following head injury in patients with uncontrolled epilepsy. Neurology. 1995;45:2051–2057
  8. Mathern GW, Babb TL, Vickrey BG, et al. Traumatic compared to non-traumatic clinical-pathologic associations in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1994;19:129–139
  9. Swartz BE, Houser CR, Tomiyasu U, et al. Hippocampal cell loss in posttraumatic human epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006;47:1373–1382
  10. Diaz-Arrastia R, Agostini MA, Frol AB, et al. Neurophysiologic and neuroradiologic features of intractable epilepsy after traumatic brain injury in adults. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:1611–1616
  11. Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurland LT. Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935-1984. Epilepsia. 1993;34:453–468
  12. Loiseau J, Loiseau P, Duche B, et al. A survey of epileptic disorders in southwest France: seizures in elderly patients. Ann Neurol. 1990;27:232–237
  13. Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J, et al. Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. BMJ. 1997;315:1582–1587
  14. Bladin CF, Alexandrov AV, Bellavance A, et al. Seizures after stroke: a prospective multicenter study. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:1617–1622
  15. Shinton RA, Gill JS, Melnick SC, et al. The frequency, characteristics and prognosis of epileptic seizures at the onset of stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:273–276
  16. Arboix A, Comes E, Garcia-Eroles L, et al. Prognostic value of very early seizures for in-hospital mortality in atherothrombotic infarction. Eur Neurol. 2003;50:78–84
  17. De Reuck J, Claeys I, Martens S, et al. Computed tomographic changes of the brain and clinical outcome of patients with seizures and epilepsy after an ischaemic hemispheric stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13:402–407
  18. Ettinger AB, Shinnar S. New-onset seizures in an elderly hospitalized population. Neurology. 1993;43:489–492
  19. Corsellis JA, Goldberg GJ, Norton AR. “Limbic encephalitis” and its association with carcinoma. Brain. 1968;91:481–496
  20. Bien CG, Elger CE. Limbic encephalitis: a cause of temporal lobe epilepsy with onset in adult life. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10:529–538
  21. Dalmau J, Bataller L. Clinical and immunological diversity of limbic encephalitis: a model for paraneoplastic neurologic disorders. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2006;20:1319–1335
  22. Anderson NE, Rosenblum MK, Graus F, et al. Autoantibodies in paraneoplastic syndromes associated with small-cell lung cancer. Neurology. 1988;38:1391–1398
  23. Dalmau J, Furneaux HM, Rosenblum MK, et al. Detection of the anti-Hu antibody in specific regions of the nervous system and tumor from patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy. Neurology. 1991;41:1757–1764
  24. Graus F, Cordon-Cardo C, Posner JB. Neuronal antinuclear antibody in sensory neuronopathy from lung cancer. Neurology. 1985;35:538–543
  25. Graus F, Delattre JY, Antoine JC, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:1135–1140
  26. Gultekin SH, Rosenfeld MR, Voltz R, et al. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: neurological symptoms, immunological findings and tumour association in 50 patients. Brain. 2000;123(Pt. 7):1481–1494
  27. Dalmau J, Graus F, Villarejo A, et al. Clinical analysis of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis. Brain. 2004;127:1831–1844
  28. Graus F, Keime-Guibert F, Rene R, et al. Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis: analysis of 200 patients. Brain. 2001;124:1138–1148
  29. Urbach H, Soeder BM, Jeub M, et al. Serial MRI of limbic encephalitis. Neuroradiology. 2006;48:380–386
  30. Bien CG, Urbach H, Schramm J, et al. Limbic encephalitis as a precipitating event in adult-onset temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2007;69:1236–1244
  31. Thuerl C, Muller K, Laubenberger J, et al. MR imaging of autopsy-proved paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:507–511
  32. Keime-Guibert F, Graus F, Fleury A, et al. Treatment of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes with antineuronal antibodies (Anti-Hu, anti-Yo) with a combination of immunoglobulins, cyclophosphamide, and methylprednisolone. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;68:479–482
  33. Llado A, Mannucci P, Carpentier AF, et al. Value of Hu antibody determinations in the follow-up of paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. Neurology. 2004;63:1947–1949
  34. Ances BM, Vitaliani R, Taylor RA, et al. Treatment-responsive limbic encephalitis identified by neuropil antibodies: MRI and PET correlates. Brain. 2005;128:1764–1777
  35. Bataller L, Kleopa KA, Wu GF, et al. Autoimmune limbic encephalitis in 39 patients: immunophenotypes and outcomes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:381–385
  36. Bien CG, Schulze-Bonhage A, Deckert M, et al. Limbic encephalitis not associated with neoplasm as a cause of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 2000;55:1823–1828
  37. Vincent A, Buckley C, Schott JM, et al. Potassium channel antibody-associated encephalopathy: a potentially immunotherapy-responsive form of limbic encephalitis. Brain. 2004;127:701–712
  38. Thieben MJ, Lennon VA, Boeve BF, et al. Potentially reversible autoimmune limbic encephalitis with neuronal potassium channel antibody. Neurology. 2004;62:1177–1182
  39. Hart IK, Waters C, Vincent A, et al. Autoantibodies detected to expressed K+ channels are implicated in neuromyotonia. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:238–246
  40. Liguori R, Vincent A, Clover L, et al. Morvan’s syndrome: peripheral and central nervous system and cardiac involvement with antibodies to voltage-gated potassium channels. Brain. 2001;124:2417–2426
  41. Kleopa KA, Elman LB, Lang B, et al. Neuromyotonia and limbic encephalitis sera target mature Shaker-type K+ channels: subunit specificity correlates with clinical manifestations. Brain. 2006;129:1570–1584
  42. Buckley C, Oger J, Clover L, et al. Potassium channel antibodies in two patients with reversible limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2001;50:73–78
  43. Rhodes KJ, Monaghan MM, Barrezueta NX, et al. Voltage-gated K+ channel beta subunits: expression and distribution of Kv beta 1 and Kv beta 2 in adult rat brain. J Neurosci. 1996;16:4846–4860
  44. Monaghan MM, Trimmer JS, Rhodes KJ. Experimental localization of Kv1 family voltage-gated K+ channel alpha and beta subunits in rat hippocampal formation. J Neurosci. 2001;21:5973–5983
  45. Vernino S. Autoimmune and paraneoplastic channelopathies. Neurotherapeutics. 2007;4:305–314
  46. Pozo-Rosich P, Clover L, Saiz A, et al. Voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies in limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2003;54:530–533
  47. Zuliani L, Saiz A, Tavolato B, et al. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis associated with potassium channel antibodies: value of anti-glial nuclear antibodies in identifying the tumour. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:204–205
  48. Samarasekera SR, Vincent A, Welch JL, et al. Course and outcome of acute limbic encephalitis with negative voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:391–394
  49. Whitley RJ. Viral encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:242–250
  50. Tyler KL. Update on herpes simplex encephalitis. Rev Neurol Dis. 2004;1:169–178
  51. Rowley AH, Whitley RJ, Lakeman FD, et al. Rapid detection of herpes-simplex-virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Lancet. 1990;335:440–441
  52. Whitley RJ, Lakeman F. Herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system: therapeutic and diagnostic considerations. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:414–420
  53. Tien RD, Felsberg GJ, Osumi AK. Herpesvirus infections of the CNS: MR findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;161:167–176
  54. Soo MS, Tien RD, Gray L, et al. Mesenrhombencephalitis: MR findings in nine patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;160:1089–1093
  55. Tokumaru AM, Horiuchi K, Kaji T, et al. MRI findings of recurrent herpes simplex encephalitis in an infant. Pediatr Radiol. 2003;33:725–728
  56. Hedlund GL, Boyer RS. Neuroimaging of postnatal pediatric central nervous system infections. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1999;6:299–317
  57. Heiner L, Demaerel P. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings in a patient with herpes simplex encephalitis. Eur J Radiol. 2003;45:195–198
  58. Kuker W, Nagele T, Schmidt F, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI in herpes simplex encephalitis: a report of three cases. Neuroradiology. 2004;46:122–125
  59. Baskin HJ, Hedlund G. Neuroimaging of herpesvirus infections in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2007;37:949–963
  60. Chen SF, Huang CC, Wu HM, et al. Seizure, neuron loss, and mossy fiber sprouting in herpes simplex virus type 1-infected organotypic hippocampal cultures. Epilepsia. 2004;45:322–332

PII: S0887-2171(07)00099-6

doi: 10.1053/j.sult.2007.11.003

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 29, Issue 1 , Pages 47-59 , February 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution