Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 27, Issue 3 , Pages 177-193 , June 2006

Practical Noninvasive Neurovascular Imaging of the Neck Arteries in Patients with Stroke, Transient Ischemic Attack, and Suspected Arterial Disease that May Lead to Ischemia, Infarction, or Flow Abnormalities

References 

  1. All Americans . Stroke Facts 2006 . American Heart Association; 2006;
  2. Gleason S , Furie KL , Lev MH , et al.  Potential influence of acute CT on inpatient costs in patients with ischemic stroke . Acad Radiol . 2001;8: 955–864
  3. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators . Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis . N Engl J Med . 1991;325:445–453
  4. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group . Interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis . Lancet . 1991;337:1235–1243
  5. Davies KN , Humphrey PR . Complications of cerebral angiography in patients with symptomatic carotid territory ischaemia screened by carotid ultrasound . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1993;56:967–972
  6. Bendszus M , Koltzenburg M , Burger R , et al.  Silent embolism in diagnostic cerebral angiography and neurointerventional procedures (a prospective study) . Lancet . 1999;354:1594–1597
  7. Hankey GJ , Warlow CP , Sellar RJ . Cerebral angiographic risk in mild cerebrovascular disease . Stroke . 1990;21:209–222
  8. Halliday A , Mansfield A , Marro J , et al.  Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms (randomised controlled trial) . Lancet . 2004;363:1491–1502
  9. Kissela B , Schneider A , Kleindorfer D , et al.  Stroke in a biracial population (the excess burden of stroke among blacks) . Stroke . 2004;35:426–431
  10. Ackerman RH, Lev M, Romero JM: Ultrasonography of the extracranial carotid artery, in Latchaw R, Kucharczyk W (eds): Neuroradiology. 2004, pp 421-438
  11. Moore WS , Kempczinski RF , Nelson JJ , et al.  Recurrent carotid stenosis (results of the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study) . Stroke . 1998;29:2018–2025
  12. Romero JM , Ackerman RH , Dault NA , et al.  Noninvasive evaluation of carotid artery stenosis (indications, strategies, and accuracy) . xi Neuroimaging Clin N Am . 2005;15:351–365
  13. Biller J , Thies WH . When to operate in carotid artery disease . Am Fam Physician . 2000;61:400–406
  14. Rothwell PM , Gibson RJ , Slattery J , et al.  European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group   Equivalence of measurements of carotid stenosis. A comparison of three methods on 1001 angiograms . Stroke . 1994;25:2435–2439
  15. Ackerman R . Neurovascular non-invasive evaluation . In:  Taveras J ,  Ferruci J editor. Radiology (Diagnosis/Imaging/Intervention) . Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Co; 1995;
  16. Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis (final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST)) . Lancet . 1998;351:1379–1387
  17. Barnett HJ , Taylor DW , Eliasziw M , et al.  North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators   Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis . N Engl J Med . 1998;339:1415–1425
  18. Rothwell PM , Gibson RJ , Slattery J , et al.  European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Collaborative Group   Prognostic value and reproducibility of measurements of carotid stenosisA comparison of three methods on 1001 angiograms . Stroke . 1994;25:2440–2444
  19. Sabetai MM , Tegos TJ , Nicolaides AN , et al.  Reproducibility of computer-quantified carotid plaque echogenicity (can we overcome the subjectivity?) . Stroke . 2000;31:2189–2196
  20. Hatsukami TS , Ross R , Polissar NL , et al.  Visualization of fibrous cap thickness and rupture in human atherosclerotic carotid plaque in vivo with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging . Circulation . 2000;102:959–964
  21. Fayad ZA , Fuster V . Clinical imaging of the high-risk or vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque . Circ Res . 2001;89:305–316
  22. Ogata J , Masuda J , Yutani C , et al.  Rupture of atheromatous plaque as a cause of thrombotic occlusion of stenotic internal carotid artery . Stroke . 1990;21:1740–1745
  23. Gronholdt ML , Nordestgaard BG , Schroeder TV , et al.  Ultrasonic echolucent carotid plaques predict future strokes . Circulation . 2001;104:68–73
  24. Montauban van Swijndregt AD , Elbers HR , Moll FL , et al.  Ultrasonographic characterization of carotid plaques . Ultrasound Med Biol . 1998;24:489–493
  25. Hartmann A , Mohr JP , Thompson JL , et al.  Interrater reliability of plaque morphology classification in patients with severe carotid artery stenosis . Acta Neurol Scand . 1999;99:61–64
  26. Coombs BD , Rapp JH , Ursell PC , et al.  Structure of plaque at carotid bifurcation (high-resolution MRI with histological correlation) . Stroke . 2001;32:2516–2521
  27. O’Holleran LW , Kennelly MM , McClurken M , et al.  Natural history of asymptomatic carotid plaque (Five year follow-up study) . Am J Surg . 1987;154:659–662
  28. Shaalan WE , Cheng H , Gewertz B , et al.  Degree of carotid plaque calcification in relation to symptomatic outcome and plaque inflammation . J Vasc Surg . 2004;40:262–269
  29. Nandalur KR , Baskurt E , Hagspiel KD , et al.  Calcified carotid atherosclerotic plaque is associated less with ischemic symptoms than is noncalcified plaque on MDCT . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 2005;184:295–298
  30. Shinnar M , Fallon JT , Wehrli S , et al.  The diagnostic accuracy of ex vivo MRI for human atherosclerotic plaque characterization . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol . 1999;19:2756–2761
  31. Yuan C , Mitsumori LM , Ferguson MS , et al.  In vivo accuracy of multispectral magnetic resonance imaging for identifying lipid-rich necrotic cores and intraplaque hemorrhage in advanced human carotid plaques . Circulation . 2001;104:2051–2056
  32. Derdeyn CP . Catheter angiography is still necessary for the measurement of carotid stenosis . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 2003;24:1737–1738
  33. Mitchell DG . Color Doppler imaging (principles, limitations, and artifacts) . Radiology . 1990;177:1–10
  34. Moore WS . For severe carotid stenosis found on ultrasound, further arterial evaluation is unnecessary . discussion 1819 Stroke . 2003;34:1816–1817
  35. Lev MH , Romero JM , Goodman DN , et al.  Total occlusion versus hairline residual lumen of the internal carotid arteries (accuracy of single section helical CT angiography) . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 2003;24:1123–1129
  36. Borisch I , Horn M , Butz B , et al.  Preoperative evaluation of carotid artery stenosis (comparison of contrast-enhanced MR angiography and duplex sonography with digital subtraction angiography) . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 2003;24:1117–1122
  37. Henderson RD , Steinman DA , Eliasziw M , Barnett HJ . Effect of contralateral carotid artery stenosis on carotid ultrasound velocity measurements . Stroke . 2000;31:2636–2640
  38. Elgersma OE , Buijs PC , Wust AF , et al.  Maximum internal carotid arterial stenosis (assessment with rotational angiography versus conventional intraarterial digital subtraction angiography) . Radiology . 1999;213:777–783
  39. Huston J , Lewis BD , Wiebers DO , et al.  Carotid artery (prospective blinded comparison of two-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography with conventional angiography and duplex US) . Radiology . 1993;186:339–344
  40. DeMarco JK , Huston J , Bernstein MA . Evaluation of classic 2D time-of-flight MR angiography in the depiction of severe carotid stenosis . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 2004;183:787–793
  41. Huston J , Fain SB , Wald JT , et al.  Carotid artery (elliptic centric contrast-enhanced MR angiography compared with conventional angiography) . Radiology . 2001;218:138–143
  42. Cloft HJ , Murphy KJ , Prince MR , et al.  3D gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography of the carotid arteries . Magn Reson Imaging . 1996;14:593–600
  43. Phan T , Huston J , Bernstein MA , et al.  Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the cervical vessels (experience with 422 patients) . Stroke . 2001;32:2282–2286
  44. UK-I JM , Trivedi RA , Graves MJ , et al.  Contrast-enhanced MR angiography for carotid disease (diagnostic and potential clinical impact) . Neurology . 2004;62:1282–1290
  45. Cosottini M , Pingitore A , Puglioli M , et al.  Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography of atherosclerotic internal carotid stenosis as the noninvasive imaging modality in revascularization decision making . Stroke . 2003;34:660–664
  46. Patel SG , Collie DA , Wardlaw JM , et al.  Outcome, observer reliability, and patient preferences if CTA, MRA, or Doppler ultrasound were used, individually or together, instead of digital subtraction angiography before carotid endarterectomy . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 2002;73:21–28
  47. Nederkoorn PJ , Elgersma OE , van der Graaf Y , et al.  Carotid artery stenosis (accuracy of contrast-enhanced MR angiography for diagnosis) . Radiology . 2003;228:677–682
  48. Bosanac Z , Miller RJ , Jain M . Rotational digital subtraction carotid angiography (technique and comparison with static digital subtraction angiography) . Clin Radiol . 1998;53:682–687
  49. Anzalone N , Scomazzoni F , Castellano R , et al.  Carotid artery stenosis (intraindividual correlations of 3D time-of-flight MR angiography, contrast-enhanced MR angiography, conventional DSA, and rotational angiography for detection and grading) . Radiology . 2005;236:204–213
  50. Johnston DC , Eastwood JD , Nguyen T , et al.  Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of carotid arteries (utility in routine clinical practice) . Stroke . 2002;33:2834–2838
  51. Alvarez-Linera J , Benito-Leon J , Escribano J , et al.  Prospective evaluation of carotid artery stenosis (elliptic centric contrast-enhanced MR angiography and spiral CT angiography compared with digital subtraction angiography) . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 2003;24:1012–1019
  52. Cosottini M , Calabrese R , Puglioli M , et al.  Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography of neck vessels (does dephasing effect alter diagnostic accuracy?) . Eur Radiol . 2003;13:571–581
  53. Lev M , Ackerman R , Chehade R , et al.  The clinical utility of spiral computed tomographic angiography in the evaluation of carotid artery disease (review of our first 50 patients) . Stroke . 1996;27:179
  54. Zhang Z , Berg M , Ikonen A , et al.  Carotid stenosis degree in CT angiography (assessment based on luminal area versus luminal diameter measurements) . Eur Radiol . 2005;15:2359–2365
  55. Anderson GB , Ashforth R , Steinke DE , et al.  CT angiography for the detection and characterization of carotid artery bifurcation disease . Stroke . 2000;31:2168–2174
  56. Davis S , Donnan G . Is carotid angiography necessary? Editors disagree . Stroke . 2003;34:1819
  57. Liu Y , Hopper KD , Mauger DT , et al.  CT angiographic measurement of the carotid artery (optimizing visualization by manipulating window and level settings and contrast material attenuation) . Radiology . 2000;217:494–500
  58. Dix JE , Evans AJ , Kallmes DF , et al.  Accuracy and precision of CT angiography in a model of carotid artery bifurcation stenosis . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 1997;18:409–415
  59. Claves JL , Wise SW , Hopper KD , et al.  Evaluation of contrast densities in the diagnosis of carotid stenosis by CT angiography . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1997;169:569–573
  60. Koelemay MJ , Nederkoorn PJ , Reitsma JB , et al.  Systematic review of computed tomographic angiography for assessment of carotid artery disease . Stroke . 2004;35:2306–2312
  61. Flossmann E , Rothwell PM . Prognosis of vertebrobasilar transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke . Brain . 2003;126:1940–1954
  62. Savitz SI , Caplan LR . Vertebrobasilar disease . N Engl J Med . 2005;352:2618–2626
  63. Bamford J , Sandercock P , Dennis M , et al.  Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction . Lancet . 1991;337:1521–1526
  64. Caplan L . Posterior circulation ischemia (then, now, and tomorrow. The Thomas Willis Lecture—2000) . Stroke . 2000;31:2011–2023
  65. Caplan L . Posterior circulation disease (clinical findings, diagnosis, and management) . Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Science; 1996;
  66. Caplan LR , Wityk RJ , Glass TA , et al.  New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation registry . Ann Neurol . 2004;56:389–398
  67. Caplan LR . Vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attacks . Arch Neurol . 1985;42:839–840
  68. Caplan L . Vertebrobasilar occlusive disease . In:  Barnett H ,  Mohr J ,  Stein B , et al. editor. Stroke, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management . New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1985;p. 549–620
  69. Marti-Vilalta JL , Dalmau J , Santalo M . Prosopagnosia, a transient ischemic attack . Stroke . 1981;12:702
  70. Linzer M , Yang EH , Estes NA , et al.  Diagnosing syncope. Part 1 (Value of history, physical examination, and electrocardiography. Clinical Efficacy Assessment Project of the American College of Physicians) . Ann Intern Med . 1997;126:989–996
  71. Savage DD , Corwin L , McGee DL , et al.  Epidemiologic features of isolated syncope (the Framingham Study) . Stroke . 1985;16:626–629
  72. Tay KY , UK-I JM , Trivedi RA , et al.  Imaging the vertebral artery . Eur Radiol . 2005;15:1329–1343
  73. Kliewer MA , Hertzberg BS , Kim DH , et al.  Vertebral artery Doppler waveform changes indicating subclavian steal physiology . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 2000;174:815–819
  74. Yip PK , Liu HM , Hwang BS , et al.  Subclavian steal phenomenon (a correlation between duplex sonographic and angiographic findings) . Neuroradiology . 1992;34:279–282
  75. Trattnig S , Karnel F , Kautzky A , et al.  Colour Doppler imaging of partial subclavian steal syndrome . Neuroradiology . 1993;35:293–295
  76. Sidhu PS . Ultrasound of the carotid and vertebral arteries . Br Med Bull . 2000;56:346–366
  77. de Bray JM , Pasco A , Tranquart F , et al.  Accuracy of color-Doppler in the quantification of proximal vertebral artery stenoses . Cerebrovasc Dis . 2001;11:335–340
  78. de Bray JM , Penisson-Besnier I , Dubas F , et al.  Extracranial and intracranial vertebrobasilar dissections (diagnosis and prognosis) . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1997;63:46–51
  79. Lu CJ , Sun Y , Jeng JS , et al.  Imaging in the diagnosis and follow-up evaluation of vertebral artery dissection . J Ultrasound Med . 2000;19:263–270
  80. Clevert DA , Rupp N , Reiser M , Jung EM . Improved diagnosis of vascular dissection by ultrasound B-flow (a comparison with color-coded Doppler and power Doppler sonography) . Eur Radiol . 2005;15:342–347
  81. Davis PC , Nilsen B , Braun IF , et al.  A prospective comparison of duplex sonography vs angiography of the vertebral arteries . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 1986;7:1059–1064
  82. Levy C , Laissy JP , Raveau V , et al.  Carotid and vertebral artery dissections (three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography and MR imaging versus conventional angiography) . Radiology . 1994;190:97–103
  83. Siebert JE , Pernicone JR , Potchen EJ . Physical principles and application of magnetic resonance angiography . Semin Ultrasound CT MR . 1992;13:227–245
  84. Wagle WA , Dumoulin CL , Souza SP , et al.  3DFT MR angiography of carotid and basilar arteries . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 1989;10:911–919
  85. Kitanaka C , Tanaka J , Kuwahara M , et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging study of intracranial vertebrobasilar artery dissections . Stroke . 1994;25:571–575
  86. Bloem BR , Van Buchem GJ . Magnetic resonance imaging and vertebral artery dissection . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1999;67:691–692
  87. Okumura A , Araki Y , Nishimura Y , et al.  The clinical utility of contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography for cerebrovascular disease . Neurol Res . 2001;23:767–771
  88. Turjman F , Tournut P , Baldy-Porcher C , et al.  Demonstration of subclavian steal by MR angiography . J Comput Assist Tomogr . 1992;16:756–759
  89. Bhadelia RA , Bengoa F , Gesner L , et al.  Efficacy of MR angiography in the detection and characterization of occlusive disease in the vertebrobasilar system . J Comput Assist Tomogr . 2001;25:458–465
  90. Huston J , Fain SB , Riederer SJ , et al.  Carotid arteries (maximizing arterial to venous contrast in fluoroscopically triggered contrast-enhanced MR angiography with elliptic centric view ordering) . Radiology . 1999;211:265–273
  91. Leclerc X , Pruvo JP . Recent advances in magnetic resonance angiography of carotid and vertebral arteries . Curr Opin Neurol . 2000;13:75–82
  92. Randoux B , Marro B , Koskas F , et al.  Proximal great vessels of aortic arch (comparison of three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography and digital subtraction angiography) . Radiology . 2003;229:697–702
  93. Chen CJ , Tseng YC , Lee TH , et al.  Multisection CT angiography compared with catheter angiography in diagnosing vertebral artery dissection . AJNR Am J Neuroradiol . 2004;25:769–774
  94. Romero J . CT Angiography source image evaluation for stroke . Semin Ultrasound CT MRI . 2005;26:387–393

PII: S0887-2171(06)00021-7

doi: 10.1053/j.sult.2006.02.003

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 27, Issue 3 , Pages 177-193 , June 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution