Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 27, Issue 1 , Pages 11-19 , February 2006

MRI Assessment of Myocardial Viability

  • Andre Schmidt, MD
    • ,
  • Katherine C. Wu, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Katherine C. Wu, MD, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Carnegie 568, Baltimore, MD 21287.

References 

  1. Spencer FA , Meyer TE , Goldberg RJ , et al.   Twenty year trends (1975-1995) in the incidence, in-hospital and long-term death rates associated with heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction (a community-wide perspective) . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1999;34:1378–1387
  2. Spencer FA , Meyer TE , Gore JM , Goldberg RJ . Heterogeneity in the management and outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure (The National Registry of Myocardial Infarction) . Circulation . 2002;105:2605–2610
  3. Velazquez EJ , Francis GS , Armstrong PW , et al.   An international perspective on heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction complicating myocardial infarction (The VALIANT registry) . Eur Heart J . 2004;25:1911–1919
  4. Wu AH , Parsons L , Every NR , Bates ER . Hospital outcomes in patients presenting with congestive heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction (A report from the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI-2)) . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2002;40:1389–1394
  5. Ho KK , Anderson KM , Kannel WB , Grossman W , Levy D . Survival after the onset of congestive heart failure in Framingham Heart Study subjects . Circulation . 1993;88:107–115
  6. Levy D , Kenchaiah S , Larson MG , et al.   Long-term trends in the incidence of and survival with heart failure . N Engl J Med . 2002;347:1397–1402
  7. Kannel WB . Lessons from curbing the coronary artery disease epidemic for confronting the impending epidemic of heart failure . Med Clin North Am . 2004;88:1129–1133
  8. American Heart Association . Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2005 Update . Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; 2005;
  9. Swan HJ , Chatterjee K , Corday E , et al.   Clinical conference (Myocardial revascularization for acute and chronic coronary heart disease) . Ann Intern Med . 1973;79:851–866
  10. Chatterjee K , Swan HJ , Parmley WW , Sustaita H , Marcus HS , Matloff J . Influence of direct myocardial revascularization on left ventricular asynergy and function in patients with coronary heart disease. With and without previous myocardial infarction . Circulation . 1973;47:276–286
  11. Rees G , Bristow JD , Kremkau EL , et al.   Influence of aortocoronary bypass surgery on left ventricular performance . N Engl J Med . 1971;284:1116–1120
  12. Alderman EL , Fisher LD , Litwin P , et al.   Results of coronary artery surgery in patients with poor left ventricular function (CASS) . Circulation . 1983;68:785–795
  13. Emond M , Mock MB , Davis KB , et al.   Long-term survival of medically treated patients in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) Registry . Circulation . 1994;90:2645–2657
  14. Blakeman BM , Pifarre R , Sullivan H , Costanzo-Nordin MR , Zucker MJ . High-risk heart surgery in the heart transplant candidate . J. Heart Transplant . 1990;9:468–472
  15. Westaby S . Coronary revascularization in ischemic cardiomyopathy . Surg Clin North Am . 2004;84:179–199
  16. Allman KC , Shaw LJ , Hachamovitch R , Udelson JE . Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction (A meta-analysis) . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2002;39:1151–1158
  17. McNamara MT , Higgins CB . Magnetic resonance imaging of chronic myocardial infarcts in man . AJR Am J Roentgenol . 1986;146:315–320
  18. Perrone-Filardi P , Bacharach SL , Dilsizian V , Maurea S , Frank JA , Bonow RO . Regional left ventricular wall thickening. Relation to regional uptake of 18fluorodeoxyglucose and 201Tl in patients with chronic coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction . Circulation . 1992;86:1125–1137
  19. Baer FM , Voth E , Schneider CA , Theissen P , Schicha H , Sechtem U . Comparison of low-dose dobutamine-gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. A functional and morphological approach to the detection of residual myocardial viability . Circulation . 1995;91:1006–1015
  20. Hundley WG , Hamilton CA , Thomas MS , et al.   Utility of fast cine magnetic resonance imaging and display for the detection of myocardial ischemia in patients not well suited for second harmonic stress echocardiography . Circulation . 1999;100:1697–1702
  21. Schalla S , Klein C , Paetsch I , et al.   Real-time MR image acquisition during high-dose dobutamine hydrochloride stress for detecting left ventricular wall-motion abnormalities in patients with coronary arterial disease . Radiology . 2002;224:845–851
  22. Schalla S , Nagel E , Lehmkuhl H , et al.   Comparison of magnetic resonance real-time imaging of left ventricular function with conventional magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography . Am J Cardiol . 2001;87:95–99
  23. Klein C , Schalla S , Schnackenburg B , Bornstedt A , Fleck E , Nagel E . Magnetic resonance flow measurements in real time (Comparison with a standard gradient-echo technique) . J Magn Reson Imaging . 2001;14:306–310
  24. Nagel E , Schneider U , Schalla S , et al.   Magnetic resonance real-time imaging for the evaluation of left ventricular function . J Cardiovasc Magn Reson . 2000;2:7–14
  25. Weiger M , Pruessmann KP , Boesiger P . Cardiac real-time imaging using SENSE. SENSitivity Encoding scheme . Magn Reson Med . 2000;43:177–184
  26. Pruessmann KP , Weiger M , Boesiger P . Sensitivity encoded cardiac MRI . J Cardiovasc Magn Reson . 2001;3:1–9
  27. Pina IL , Balady GJ , Hanson P , Labovitz AJ , Madonna DW , Myers J . Guidelines for clinical exercise testing laboratories. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation, American Heart Association . Circulation . 1995;91:912–921
  28. Baer FM , Theissen P , Schneider CA , et al.   Dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging predicts contractile recovery of chronically dysfunctional myocardium after successful revascularization . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1998;31:1040–1048
  29. Dendale P , Franken PR , Holman E , Avenarius J , van der Wall EE , de Roos A . Validation of low-dose dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of myocardial viability after infarction by serial imaging . Am J Cardiol . 1998;82:375–377
  30. Rerkpattanapipat P , Little WC , Clark HP , Hamilton CA , Link KM , Hundley WG . Effect of the transmural extent of myocardial scar on left ventricular systolic wall thickening during intravenous dobutamine administration . Am J Cardiol . 2005;95:495–498
  31. Wellnhofer E , Olariu A , Klein C , et al.   Magnetic resonance low-dose dobutamine test is superior to SCAR quantification for the prediction of functional recovery . Circulation . 2004;109:2172–2174
  32. Baer FM , Theissen P , Crnac J , Schmidt M . Assessment of myocardial viability with MR—The Cologne perspective . Magma . 1998;6(2-3):140–142
  33. Gunning MG , Kaprielian RR , Pepper J , et al.   The histology of viable and hibernating myocardium in relation to imaging characteristics . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2002;39:428–435
  34. Sandstede JJ , Bertsch G , Beer M , et al.   Detection of myocardial viability by low-dose dobutamine Cine MR imaging . Magn Reson Imaging . 1999;17:1437–1443
  35. Underwood SR , Bax JJ , vom Dahl J , et al.   Imaging techniques for the assessment of myocardial hibernation. Report of a Study Group of the European Society of Cardiology . Eur Heart J . 2004;25:815–836
  36. Zerhouni EA , Parish DM , Rogers WJ , Yang A , Shapiro EP . Human heart (Tagging with MR imaging–a method for noninvasive assessment of myocardial motion) . Radiology . 1988;169:59–63
  37. Axel L , Dougherty L . Heart wall motion (Improved method of spatial modulation of magnetization for MR imaging) . Radiology . 1989;172:349–350
  38. Fischer SE , McKinnon GC , Scheidegger MB , Prins W , Meier D , Boesiger P . True myocardial motion tracking . Magn Reson Med . 1994;31:401–413
  39. Sayad DE , Willett DL , Hundley WG , Grayburn PA , Peshock RM . Dobutamine magnetic resonance imaging with myocardial tagging quantitatively predicts improvement in regional function after revascularization . Am J Cardiol . 1998;82:1149–1151 A10
  40. Geskin G , Kramer CM , Rogers WJ , et al.   Quantitative assessment of myocardial viability after infarction by dobutamine magnetic resonance tagging . Circulation . 1998;98:217–223
  41. Kramer CM , Malkowski MJ , Mankad S , Theobald TM , Pakstis DL , Rogers WJ . Magnetic resonance tagging and echocardiographic response to dobutamine and functional improvement after reperfused myocardial infarction . Am Heart J . 2002;143:1046–1051
  42. Gotte MJ , van Rossum AC , Twisk JWR , Kuijer JPA , Marcus JT , Visser CA . Quantification of regional contractile function after infarction (Strain analysis superior to wall thickening analysis in discriminating infarct from remote myocardium) . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2001;37:808–817
  43. Paetsch I , Foll D , Kaluza A , et al.   Magnetic resonance stress tagging in ischemic heart disease . Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol . 2005;288:H2708–H2714
  44. Garot J , Bluemke DA , Osman NF , et al.   Fast determination of regional myocardial strain fields from tagged cardiac images using harmonic phase MRI . Circulation . 2000;101:981–988
  45. Wesbey GE , Higgins CB , McNamara MT , et al.   Effect of gadolinium-DTPA on the magnetic relaxation times of normal and infarcted myocardium . Radiology . 1984;153:165–169
  46. Lima JA , Judd RM , Bazille A , Schulman SP , Atalar E , Zerhouni EA . Regional heterogeneity of human myocardial infarcts demonstrated by contrast-enhanced MRI. Potential mechanisms . Circulation . 1995;92:1117–1125
  47. Saeed M , Wendland MF , Masui T , Higgins CB . Reperfused myocardial infarctions on T1- and susceptibility-enhanced MRI (Evidence for loss of compartmentalization of contrast media) . Magn Reson Med . 1994;31:31–39
  48. Diesbourg LD , Prato FS , Wisenberg G , et al.   Quantification of myocardial blood flow and extracellular volumes using a bolus injection of Gd-DTPA (kinetic modeling in canine ischemic disease) . Magn Reson Med . 1992;23:239–253
  49. Flacke SJ , Fischer SE , Lorenz CH . Measurement of the gadopentetate dimeglumine partition coefficient in human myocardium in vivo (Normal distribution and elevation in acute and chronic infarction) . Radiology . 2001;218:703–710
  50. Klein C , Nekolla SG , Balbach T , et al.   The influence of myocardial blood flow and volume of distribution on late Gd-DTPA kinetics in ischemic heart failure . J Magn Reson Imaging . 2004;20:588–593
  51. Kim RJ , Chen EL , Lima JA , Judd RM . Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction . Circulation . 1996;94:3318–3326
  52. Kim RJ , Fieno DS , Parrish TB , et al.   Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function . Circulation . 1999;100:1992–2002
  53. Rochitte CE , Lima JA , Bluemke DA , et al.   Magnitude and time course of microvascular obstruction and tissue injury after acute myocardial infarction . Circulation . 1998;98:1006–1014
  54. Judd RM , Lugo-Olivieri CH , Arai M , et al.   Physiological basis of myocardial contrast enhancement in fast magnetic resonance images of 2-day-old reperfused canine infarcts . Circulation . 1995;92:1902–1910
  55. Fieno DS , Kim RJ , Chen EL , Lomasney JW , Klocke FJ , Judd RM . Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of myocardium at risk (Distinction between reversible and irreversible injury throughout infarct healing) . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2000;36:1985–1991
  56. Wu KC , Kim RJ , Bluemke DA , et al.   Quantification and time course of microvascular obstruction by contrast-enhanced echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging following acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion . J Am Coll Cardiol . 1998;32:1756–1764
  57. Rehwald WG , Fieno DS , Chen EL , Kim RJ , Judd RM . Myocardial magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent concentrations after reversible and irreversible ischemic injury . Circulation . 2002;105:224–229
  58. Kim RJ , Wu E , Rafael A , et al.   The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction . N Engl J Med . 2000;343:1445–1453
  59. Choi KM , Kim RJ , Gubernikoff G , Vargas JD , Parker M , Judd RM . Transmural extent of acute myocardial infarction predicts long-term improvement in contractile function . Circulation . 2001;104:1101–1107
  60. Gerber BL , Garot J , Bluemke DA , Wu KC , Lima JA . Accuracy of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in predicting improvement of regional myocardial function in patients after acute myocardial infarction . Circulation . 2002;106:1083–1089
  61. Samady H , Elefteriades JA , Abbott BG , Mattera JA , McPherson CA , Wackers FJ . Failure to improve left ventricular function after coronary revascularization for ischemic cardiomyopathy is not associated with worse outcome . Circulation . 1999;100:1298–1304
  62. Mahrholdt H , Wagner A , Holly TA , et al.   Reproducibility of chronic infarct size measurement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging . Circulation . 2002;106:2322–2327
  63. Wagner A , Mahrholdt H , Holly TA , et al.   Contrast-enhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts (An imaging study) . Lancet . 2003;361:374–379
  64. Gutberlet M , Frohlich M , Mehl S , et al.   Myocardial viability assessment in patients with highly impaired left ventricular function (Comparison of delayed enhancement, dobutamine stress MRI, end-diastolic wall thickness, and TI201-SPECT with functional recovery after revascularization) . Eur Radiol . 2005;15:872–880
  65. Klein C , Nekolla SG , Bengel FM , et al.   Assessment of myocardial viability with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (Comparison with positron emission tomography) . Circulation . 2002;105:162–167
  66. Kuhl HP , Beek AM , van der Weerdt AP , et al.   Myocardial viability in chronic ischemic heart disease (Comparison of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography) . J Am Coll Cardiol . 2003;41:1341–1348
  67. Bottomley PA , Herfkens RJ , Smith LS , Bashore TM . Altered phosphate metabolism in myocardial infarction (P-31 MR spectroscopy) . Radiology . 1987;165:703–707
  68. Mitsunami K , Okada M , Inoue T , Hachisuka M , Kinoshita M , Inubushi T . In vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with old myocardial infarction . Jpn Circ J . 1992;56:614–619
  69. Yabe T , Mitsunami K , Inubushi T , Kinoshita M . Quantitative measurements of cardiac phosphorus metabolites in coronary artery disease by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Circulation . 1995;92:15–23
  70. Meininger M , Landschutz W , Beer M , et al.   Concentrations of human cardiac phosphorus metabolites determined by SLOOP 31P NMR spectroscopy . Magn Reson Med . 1999;41:657–663
  71. Sandstede JJ . Assessment of myocardial viability by MR imaging . Eur Radiol . 2003;13:52–61
  72. Jennings RB , Sommers HM , Kaltenbach JP , West JJ . Electrolyte alterations in acute myocardial ischemic injury . Circ Res . 1964;14:260–269
  73. Kim RJ , Lima JA , Chen EL , et al.   Fast 23Na magnetic resonance imaging of acute reperfused myocardial infarction. Potential to assess myocardial viability . Circulation . 1997;95:1877–1885
  74. Rochitte CE , Kim RJ , Hillenbrand HB , Chen EL , Lima JA . Microvascular integrity and the time course of myocardial sodium accumulation after acute infarction . Circ Res . 2000;87:648–655
  75. Sandstede JJ , Pabst T , Beer M , et al.   Assessment of myocardial infarction in humans with (23)Na MR imaging (Comparison with cine MR imaging and delayed contrast enhancement) . Radiology . 2001;221:222–228
  76. Jansen MA , Van Emous JG , Nederhoff MG , Van Echteld CJ . Assessment of myocardial viability by intracellular 23Na magnetic resonance imaging . Circulation . 2004;110:3457–3464

PII: S0887-2171(05)00085-5

doi: 10.1053/j.sult.2005.11.001

Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI
Volume 27, Issue 1 , Pages 11-19 , February 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution