Acute small bowel ischemia: CT imaging findings

Segatto, Enrica; Mortelé, Koenraad J; Ji, Hoon; Wiesner, Walter; Ros, Pablo R

doi:10.1016/S0887-2171(03)00074-X

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Volume 24, Issue 5 , Pages 364-376, October 2003

Acute small bowel ischemia: CT imaging findings

Enrica Segatto, MD
- Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging and Intervention, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Koenraad J Mortelé, MD
- Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging and Intervention, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Address reprint requests to Koenraad J Mortele, M.D., Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Hoon Ji, MD
- Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging and Intervention, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Walter Wiesner, MD
- Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging and Intervention, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Pablo R Ros, MD
- Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging and Intervention, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

Abstract

Small bowel ischemia is a disorder related to a variety of conditions resulting in interruption or reduction of the blood supply of the small intestine. It may present with various clinical and radiologic manifestations, and ranges pathologically from localized transient ischemia to catastrophic necrosis of the intestinal tract. The primary causes of insufficient blood flow to the small intestine are various and include thromboembolism (50% of cases), nonocclusive causes, bowel obstruction, neoplasms, vasculitis, abdominal inflammatory conditions, trauma, chemotherapy, radiation, and corrosive injury. Computed tomography (CT) can demonstrate changes because of ischemic bowel accurately, may be helpful in determining the primary cause of ischemia, and can demonstrate important coexistent findings or complications. However, common CT findings in acute small bowel ischemia are not specific and, therefore, it is often a combination of clinical, laboratory and radiologic signs that may lead to a correct diagnosis. Understanding the pathogenesis of various conditions leading to mesenteric ischemia and being familiar with the spectrum of diagnostic CT signs may help the radiologist recognize ischemic small bowel disease and avoid delayed diagnosis.

The aim of this article is to provide a review of the pathogenesis and various causes of acute small bowel ischemia and to demonstrate the contribution of CT in the diagnosis of this complex disease.